Repositorio Científico

The Tabula Veliterna: A sacred law from Central Italy

2026-06-12T00:00:25Z

[EN] This is a study of the Tabula Veliterna, a legal document found in Velletri and referring to the safeguard of the goods of the goddess Declona and the measures to be taken in case of theft or profanation thereof. I shall undertake a radically different approach to syntax, phonetics and morphology. In turn, some of the conclusions may have some bearing on our conception of Sabellic phonetics and phonology

The back vowels of South Oscan: a Study in Oscan Epigraphy, Phonology and Etymology

2026-06-12T00:00:24Z

[EN] The Oscan inscriptions of Lucania and Bruttium are written in the Greek (specifically Ionic) alphabet. However, the values of some letters are still disputed, since they seem to vary according to personal choice on the part of the scribal schools or to dialectal differences not always easy to track down. Oscan back vowels, which, for all we know, were only three, /o/, /u/ and /uː/, are not always consistently spelt, and this has made etymological speculation a hard task. While the choice of letters may occasionally depend on the individual carvers, the recognition of apparent inconsistencies often depends on objectionable etymologies. In this work I shall try to show that the spelling of the back vowels in South Oscan is certainly less arbitrary than assumed in previous accounts, that dialectal differences cannot be convincingly identified, and, crucially, that the precise, and in principle phonemic, value of individual letters or groups of letters can only be determined by comparing the use of other letters in the same texts or in texts presumably coming from the same workshops or the same areas. I shall distinguish a group of texts in which the vowels /o/ and /u/ are respectively rendered <ω> and (especially in Central Lucania) from another group in which they are rendered and (Southern Lucania and Bruttium). I shall conclude that two different regional alphabets, a “Lucanian” and a “Bruttian” one, can be identified. As regards new etymologies, the origin of the divine name διομανας, long believed to be the Sabellic cognate of L. domina, will be addressed. In the light of recent epigraphic discoveries, I shall additionally call attention to the existence of a hitherto overlooked Oscan magistracy, whose name goes back to Proto-Sabellic *puklīno- and is built from a collective noun *puklā ‘youth’, a possibility supported by a new look at the form prupukid in the cippus abellanus. An alternative reading of σκαλαπ(ονις) ολκϝηις as σκαλαπο(νις) [π]ακϝηις in the new apograph of Anzi is proposed, which falls into line with occurrences of the same name in other Lucanian texts and reveals the importance of the gens Scalponia. The fact that this text forms part of a larger monument (ST Lu 39) underpins the hypothesis that <ω> was not introduced in Lucania before 200 BC.

The sibilant sounds of Hispano-Celtic: phonetics, phonology and orthography

2026-06-12T00:00:23Z

[EN] On the strength of both recent discoveries concerning the use of the Latin alphabet in different places of Central Hispania to write official documents in Celtiberian and the new readings of indigenous names on inscriptions belonging to Latin, not Celtiberian, epigraphy, some novel reflections on Celtiberian phonology are in order. Epigraphic and linguistic considerations in turn lead to a refinement in the delimitation of Hispano-Celtic regions. These attend to dialectal differences and to the emergence and stabilisation of scribal habits. New etymologies for some hitherto uninterpreted or even misinterpreted personal names are put forward. Some of these have the comparative advantage of matching inherited Celtic forms surviving in Insular Celtic and Gaulish. Finally, three new readings are proposed: BVGANSONIS, CLOVSOCVM and AISAE, possibly also VXSEISVS

Some Linguistic Considerations on a New Celtiberian Bronze

2026-06-12T00:00:22Z

[EN] This work tackles a preliminary linguistic analysis of a new Celtiberian bronze in the Latin alphabet, probably dating back to the mid 1st c. BC. As usual with objects that remain in private hands and cannot be directly studied by professionals, doubts on its authenticity will predictably hover over any attempt to interpret it. However, many traits of the text merit comment. The onomastic and appellative material of the new bronze will prove instrumental in confi rming the existence of a western Celtiberian dialect, spoken by the Arevaci, characterised by: a) early loss of fi nal dental sounds; the only case of fi nal -􀶌, 􀵺􀶍􀶍􀵾􀶌, goes back to a heteromorphemic sequence -t-s and must consequently be ascribed to the phoneme /sː/ (which had a tense articulation, probably a geminate in intervocalic position), refl ected by -s in Early Celtiberian; b) monophthongisation of all instances of an inherited diphthong /e/, shared by the rest of Celtic Hispania (<􀵾􀶂> refl ects the emergence of secondary diphthongs: the forms 􀵽􀶂􀵺􀶂􀶇􀶂􀶆, 􀵺􀶇􀵾􀶂􀶍􀶍􀶂􀶊 show the eff ects of the sound change -χt- > -t- well known from Brittonic and Romance); c) fi nal nasals haphazardly show up as -􀶆, -􀶇 or are even omitted, which is suggestive of their weakness. By contrast, the tendency of the cluster -t- to assibilation is not detectable. The study will also confi rm that forms, including a number of proper names, hitherto poorly or not attested in Hispano-Celtic are, in fact, to be traced back to Proto-Celtic. It goes without saying, this bronze has not been cleaned and the readings may change over time, pending a thorough revision of better photographs or direct handling of the object.

The Use of San in the Lugano Alphabet. A Survey of Cisalpine Celtic Onomastics

2026-06-12T00:00:15Z

[EN] The so-called “Lugano alphabet” is a northern Italian script that derives from the Etruscan alphabet. It was used to write Celtic texts belonging to the Lepontic language, uncovered in the centre of the Gallia Transpadana (Lombardy in Italy and Ticino in southern Switzerland), ranging from the 6th c. to the 1st c. BC, and a later variety called Cisalpine Gaulish, again located in the Transpadana (Lombardy and Piedmont in Italy), whose earliest texts date from the 4th c. BC, and which represents a later wave of immigrants or invaders. This dialect is distinguished from the former by a few morphological traits, like the patronymic suffi x -iknovs. Lepontic -alo-. While the Lugano script is deciphered in its entirety, some pending issues remain as to the actual use of some of its letters, its evolution and possible external infl uence from related alphabets. This work will address the problem of the so-called “butterfl y sign,” a letter transliterated as <ś>, which shows diff erent shapes, some of them easily confusable with , and goes back to Greek san. For the “butterfl y sign” a high number of synchronic values and etymological origins has been proposed. The article attempts to show that its use overlaps with that of zeta, transliterated as . Both may have had a single value, and the refl ected phoneme is in both cases a voiceless aff ricate that goes back to Indo-European /st/, /ts/ or /ds/, to epenthesis of /t/ in a sequence *-ns#, or to aff rication of /d/ in coda position. The author also evaluates the possibility that the occurrence of san and tau gallicum in some contexts, specifi cally in codas, is due to mere phonemic reallocation not mediated by sound change.

Gobernanza sanitaria integrada: el papel de la Agencia Estatal de Salud Pública en la estrategia “una sola salud” (One Health) y el principio de “salud en todas las políticas” (Health in All Policies)

2026-06-12T00:00:39Z

[ES] La aprobación de la Ley 7/2025, por la que se crea la Agencia Estatal de Salud Pública (AESAP), supone un hito en la evolución del derecho administrativo sanitario en España. No solamente por dar lugar a la creación de una entidad llamada a realizar una serie de funciones que, con anterioridad, se encontraban dentro del ámbito competencial de otros organismos públicos, sino porque la Agencia está llamada a desarrollar actividades totalmente novedosas. Entre ellas, la definitiva integración del enfoque One Health y el principio Health in All Policies (HiAP) en el ámbito de la salud pública española. A lo largo del presente trabajo analizamos, en primer lugar, la evolución de este enfoque y de este principio en los ámbitos europeo e internacional; en segundo lugar, el diseño de la Agencia planteado por la norma; y, en tercer lugar, los retos y desafíos que presenta su desarrollo inmediato, con el fin de hacer de la AESAP un nodo que sirva como receptor de las tendencias internacionales en relación con One Health e HiAP, y, a la vez, como referente para el impulso de una nueva gobernanza de la salud pública española que tenga en cuenta esos principios. El trabajo se propone aportar una contribución a la dogmática del derecho administrativo sanitario, pues, además de analizar la arquitectura institucional de la Agencia, sitúa One Health e HiAP como principios estructurales para el desarrollo próximo del régimen jurídico de la salud pública. [EN]The enactment of Law 7/2025, creating the Spanish Agency for Public Health (AESAP), marks a milestone in the development of administrative health law in Spain. Its significance lies not only in creating a body tasked with carrying out a number of functions previously exercised by other public institutions, but also in assigning the Agency completely new functions, which include the full integration of the One Health approach and the Health in All Policies (HiAP) principle into the Spanish public health system. This study first analyses the evolution of this approach and principle in European and international contexts. Secondly, it discusses the design of the Agency as set out in the Law. Finally, it considers the challenges facing its immediate development, with the aim of positioning the AESAP as a key receiver of international trends in relation to One Health and HiAP and as a leader in driving the new governance model in Spanish public health, based on these principles. The study aims to contribute to legal theory in administrative health law, not only by analysing the institutional architecture of the Agency, but also by establishing One Health and HiAP as structural principles for the future development of the public health legal system.

Religious assertion from below: Religious actors representing new religious minorities in workplace accommodation

2026-06-12T00:00:37Z

[EN] This article examines how religious actors representing new religious minorities navigate workplace negotiations over reasonable accommodation. Drawing on literature on diversity governance, we investigate the behavior of religious actors by separating entry from participation and by tracing how epistemic authority conditions participation and influence across venues. The analysis shows how selective secularism structures these negotiations, placing higher translation burdens and evidentiary demands on migrant coded minorities. Although religious actors may secure recognition, their authority remains vulnerable to public contestation and institutional veto points. The article concludes with recommendations to reduce gaps between law and practice and to improve equitable accommodation procedures. [ES] Este artículo examina cómo los actores religiosos que representan a nuevas minorías religiosas intervienen en las negociaciones laborales sobre ajustes razonables. A partir de la literatura sobre gobernanza de la diversidad, analizamos el comportamiento de estos actores distinguiendo entre acceso y participación, y examinando cómo la autoridad epistémica condiciona su participación e influencia en distintos ámbitos. El análisis muestra cómo el secularismo selectivo estructura estas negociaciones, imponiendo mayores cargas de traducción y exigencias probatorias a las minorías codificadas como migrantes. Aunque los actores religiosos pueden obtener reconocimiento, su autoridad sigue siendo vulnerable a la contestación pública y a puntos de veto institucionales. El artículo concluye con recomendaciones orientadas a reducir la distancia entre el marco jurídico y la práctica institucional, y a mejorar la equidad de los procedimientos de ajuste razonable.

Memoria de la emigración española: recomposición e identificación de un proyecto colectivo

2026-06-12T00:00:36Z

[ES]Introducción al libro III Premio Memoria de la Emigración Española.

III Premio Memoria de la Emigración Española

2026-06-12T00:00:33Z

[ES]En una convocatoria como la presente, cuyo objetivo no es la dimensión crematística sino la memorial, el hecho de participar ya supone un premio del que toda la ciudadanía española —particularmente la del exterior— es la principal beneficiaria. Quienes contribuimos a sustanciar estos Premios Memoria de la Emigración Española hemos de agradecer las contribuciones de todos y cada uno de los participan tes. Los relatos de vida, colecciones fotográficas y epistolarios pre sentados, sin excepción, contribuyen a hacer más precisa y situada la experiencia de nuestra emigración, pero, además, permiten afinar los matices de una construcción tan necesaria y tan presente como es la de la memoria de la emigración española.

Unified Multi-Task Learning vs. Decoupled Transformer-based Perception: A Comparative Analysis

2026-06-11T00:00:24Z

[EN]Efficient environmental perception is a cornerstone of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving. A persistent architectural dilemma in this domain is whether to employ unified Multi-Task Learning (MTL) frameworks, which optimize computation through shared backbones, or modular multi-model pipelines, which prioritize task-specific accuracy. This paper presents a comparative analysis of these two paradigms for joint object detection and drivable area estimation. Specifically, we evaluate YOLOPX, a representative anchor-free MTL architecture, against a decoupled multi-model system that integrates RT-DETRv2 for vehicle detection and the lightweight YOLO11n-seg for drivable area segmentation on the BDD100K benchmark under identical hardware conditions. The results show that, although the MTL YOLOPX model achieves higher throughput, the decoupled system delivers substantially better detection performance, particularly in the stricter 𝑚𝐴𝑃 50:95 metric, while preserving competitive segmentation quality and maintaining real-time latency suitable for edge deployment. These findings suggest that modular designs, rather than monolithic MTL models, can offer a more favorable balance between safety-critical detection accuracy and computational efficiency for next-generation intelligent vehicles.

Integración de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa (IAGEN) en el aprendizaje colaborativo mediante "role-playing" en la asignatura de teoría jurídica del delito

2026-06-11T00:00:25Z

[ES]En un mundo donde las tecnologías emergentes, como la IAGen, se integran cada vez más en los entornos académicos y profesionales, la educación superior enfrenta el desafío de adaptarse a estos cambios. Las disciplinas jurídicas no son una excepción, especialmente en áreas que requieren un pensamiento crítico sólido y una capacidad analítica rigurosa, como la Teoría Jurídica del Delito. El uso indiscriminado e irreflexivo de herramientas de IAGen por parte del alumnado implica riesgos significativos, aún más evidentes ante la creciente accesibilidad de estas tecnologías. Entre los principales desafíos destacan la pérdida de competencias críticas, la adopción de prácticas poco éticas y una excesiva dependencia de respuestas automatizadas. Para hacer frente a esta situación, varios docentes de la Universidad de Salamanca diseñamos e implementamos una actividad innovadora en la asignatura de Teoría Jurídica del Delito, dentro del Grado en Derecho. Esta experiencia combinó el aprendizaje colaborativo mediante la metodología de «role-playing» con el uso reflexivo y estratégico de la IAGen, concretamente ChatGPT de OpenAI. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo compartir esta experiencia de integración de la IAGen en el aula, destacando sus retos, beneficios y lecciones aprendidas.

Ley Orgánica 3/2023, de 28 de marzo, de modificación de la Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal, en materia de maltrato animal

2026-06-11T00:00:23Z

[ES] Crónica de legislación-Derecho penal. Ley Orgánica 3/2023, de 28 de marzo, de modificación de la Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal, en materia de maltrato animal.

Inaplicación del principio de no punición a víctimas de trata de seres humanos (comentario de la STS 960/2023, de 21 de diciembre)

2026-06-11T00:00:14Z

[ES]Este trabajo analiza la STS 960/2023, de 21 de diciembre, que niega la aplicación de la excusa absolutoria del art. 177 bis.11 CP a una víctima de trata abusiva con la finalidad de explotación para cometer actividades delictivas, en concreto, de tráfico de drogas. Se discute la interpretación del Tribunal Supremo, que obvia la situación de necesidad y vulnerabilidad de la víctima, y se sugiere la existencia de un sesgo plutofílico en dicha resolución. [EN]This paper analyzes the STS 960/2023, dated December 21, which denies the application of the exculpatory excuse of article 177 bis.11 CP to a victim of abusive trafficking aimed at exploitation for criminal activities, specifically drug trafficking. It discusses the interpretation of the Tribunal Supremo, which overlooks the victim’s state of need and vulnerability, and suggests the presence of a plutophilic bias in the ruling.

A Qualitative Study of Truthful, Deceptive, and Mixed Interactions in a Daily Diary Paradigm

2026-06-11T00:00:26Z

[EN]Communication is the cornerstone of socialization. In their daily life, people share their feelings, opinions, or plans. These details can indicate the sender’s true intentions or be strategically distorted, depending on the specific conversational goals. Most research on daily communication is quantitative, with few studies examining what is being said across contexts in a qualitative approach. Additionally, research on deception tends to treat truth and lies as two separate, dichotomous yet heterogeneous categories. However, emerging data on embedded deception show that most of the time, people mix truthful and deceptive information in the message, with very rare instances of completely deceptive interactions. The current qualitative study is a partial replication and extension of the seminal DePaulo et al.’s (1996) study, aiming to provide an up-to-date look at individuals' communication patterns in daily life. Using a daily diary method, 30 participants were asked to record details about their social interactions over 2 weeks. We classified 1,307 responses based on their content and referent. Additionally, in contrast with previous research, we organized these reports as truthful, deceptive, or instances in which both truthful and deceptive details were provided. Our thematic analysis revealed that truthful and deceptive interactions contained references to feelings, actions, and explanations. They are most often related to the sender of the message, as well as objects, events, and places. We discuss the findings in relation to the available literature on daily deception.

Optimizing surgical approaches for patients with inherited factor VII deficiency

2026-06-10T00:00:08Z

[EN]Inherited factor VII deficiency (FVIID) presents a highly variable bleeding phenotype. The weak correlation between plasma FVII levels (FVII:C) and bleeding severity results in diverse management strategies and complicates surgical decision-making.To describe surgical management and bleeding outcomes in patients with FVIID, and to identify key decision-making variables and predictors of surgical bleeding.We conducted a multicenter, retrospective study of 380 surgeries performed in 215 patients with FVIID. Patients were classified by FVII:C levels as mild, moderate, or severe deficiency. Bleeding score (BS) was defined according to ISTH-BAT. Surgeries were categorized as low-moderate risk (LR) or high risk (HR) for bleeding. A decision-tree simulation was performed.Most patients had mild FVIID (76%), and 68% of surgeries were classified as LR. Prophylactic treatment with tranexamic acid (TA) and/or rFVIIa was administered in 42.8% of LR and 62.8% of HR surgeries. Prophylaxis was given to 73.9% of moderate/severe and 41% of mild FVIID patients, especially for HR procedures. FVII:C levels and surgical bleeding risk were key factors that influenced the selection of treatment. The overall bleeding rate was 3.1% (HR: 9%; LR: 0.4%). Most bleeding events occurred in mild FVIID patients with BS ≥3. Our algorithm recommends hemostatic treatment for all moderate/severe, and for mild patients HR surgeries and LR procedures when BS is ≥3.FVII:C levels and surgery type influence prophylactic hemostatic treatment strategies. Patients with mild FVIID, higher BS, and no hemostatic treatment had a greater risk of bleeding. Bleeding score and procedural risk were identified as predictors of surgical bleeding.

Selectividad penal y corrupción pública: el Derecho penal de la plutofilia y la evidencia empírica sobre malversasción en España (revisión sistemática exploratoria)

2026-06-10T00:00:21Z

[ES]En este trabajo se sistematiza la noción de Derecho penal de la plutofilia, propuesta por la doctrina, como hipótesis de tratamiento diferencial hacia sujetos con poder económico, político o institucional, y se ancla en marcos criminológicos sobre selectividad penal. Mediante una revisión sistemática exploratoria, se cartografía la evidencia empírica sobre malversación en España. Los resultados muestran un estado del arte limitado y heterogéneo, con escasez de estudios empíricos basados en sentencias y predominio de enfoques doctrinales. En el artículo se propone un marco para futuras aproximaciones empírico-jurisprudenciales a este delito desde una perspectiva plutofílica. [EN]This article systematizes the doctrinally proposed concept of penal plutophilia as a hypothesis of differential treatment toward individuals holding economic, political or institutional power, and anchors it in criminological frameworks on penal selectivity. Through a scoping review, it maps the empirical evidence on embezzlement of public funds in Spain. The findings reveal a limited and methodologically heterogeneous state of the art, marked by a scarcity of sentence-based empirical studies and the predominance of doctrinal approaches. The article advances a research framework for future empirical-jurisprudential analyses of this offence from a plutophilic perspective.