http://hdl.handle.net/10366/3948 2026-05-09T17:37:09Z 2026-05-09T17:37:09Z García Sánchez, Omar Benito Garzón, Lorena http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170817 2026-04-07T13:39:35Z 2025-11-01T00:00:00Z

[ES]En la parte práctica de la asignatura Histología Humana del Grado en Medicina de la Universidad de Salamanca se observaron diferentes preparaciones histológicas. Los resultados académicos en esta parte práctica fueron sistemáticamente peores que los de la parte teórica, por lo que implementar una nueva herramienta docente de apoyo a los estudiantes parece imprescindible. Para facilitar la adquisición de habilidades prácticas por parte de los alumnos, se ha desarrollado un nuevo proyecto de innovación docente basado en imágenes interactivas que contienen varios botones con diferentes funcionalidades (textos explicativos y audios, fotografías de diferentes aumentos de cada preparación, señalización de elementos, preguntas de repaso, etc.). Comparando los resultados académicos de los alumnos de los cursos en los que se utilizaron las imágenes interactivas con aquellos en los que no, se observó una mejora del rendimiento académico. Además, las encuestas de satisfacción realizadas a los alumnos mostraron que éstos tenían una muy buena opinión de las imágenes interactivas y afirmaron que les ha sido muy útil para ayudarles en la asimilación de los conceptos prácticos de la asignatura. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que las imágenes interactivas podrían considerarse una herramienta eficaz para ayudar a los estudiantes a adquirir habilidades prácticas en el área de Histología.

2025-11-01T00:00:00Z Fernández Castellano, Erick Rafael Benito Garzón, Lorena Márquez Sánchez, Magaly Teresa Flores Fraile, Javier http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170799 2026-03-26T01:01:10Z 2024-10-22T00:00:00Z

[EN]Introduction: Maxillary sinus pneumatization increases with age and tooth loss, leading to a reduction in the maxillary alveolar ridge, which often results in insufficient bone height for the proper placement of dental implants. This study focused on performing maxillary sinus elevations in ex vivo bisected pig heads using novel access and elevation devices, comparing these with the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique. Materials and Methods:An experimental study was conducted using 20 ex vivo adult pig heads. The sinus elevations were divided into two groups: 10 heads were treated using the osteotome technique, and 10 heads were treated using a new device, which consists of a syringe with latex and saline solution, as well as a burr system for membrane access and control. Results: In the osteotome technique, perforations of the Schneiderian membrane were observed, whereas the inflatable balloon device did not cause any lacerations. Conclusions: OSFE resulted in sinus membrane perforations at greater elevation heights, while the new balloon device successfully elevated the membrane without tearing it. Within the limitations of this study, maxillary sinus lifts using the new balloon technique proved to be minimally invasive procedures.

2024-10-22T00:00:00Z Luengo Alonso, Gonzalo Bravo Jiménez, Beatriz Lozano, Daniel Heras, Clara Sánchez Salcedo, Sandra Benito Garzón, Lorena Abella, Monica Vallet-Regí, María Cecilia-López, David Salinas, Antonio J. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170791 2026-03-26T01:00:22Z 2024-01-23T00:00:00Z

[EN]Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) of the SiO2–CaO–P2O5 system are biocompatible materials with a quick and effective in vitro and in vivo bioactive response. MBGs can be enhanced by including therapeutically active ions in their composition, by hosting osteogenic molecules within their mesopores, or by decorating their surfaces with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In previous studies, our group showed that MBGs, ZnO-enriched and loaded with the osteogenic peptide osteostatin (OST), and MSCs exhibited osteogenic features under in vitro conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone repair capability after large bone defect treatment in distal femur osteoporotic rabbits using MBGs (76%SiO2–15%CaO–5%P2O5–4%ZnO (mol-%)) before and after loading with OST and MSCs from a donor rabbit. MSCs presence and/or OST in scaffolds significantly improved bone repair capacity at 6 and 12 weeks, as confirmed by variations observed in trabecular and cortical bone parameters obtained by micro-CT as well as histological analysis results. A greater effect was observed when OST and MSCs were combined. These findings may indicate the great potential for treating critical bone defects by combining MBGs with MSCs and osteogenic peptides such as OST, with good prospects for translation to clinical practice.

2024-01-23T00:00:00Z Liceras Boillos, Pilar Jimeno García, David García Navas, Rósula Mercedes Lorenzo Martín, Luis Francisco Menacho Márquez, Mauricio Ariel Segrelles, Carmen Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Calzada, Nuria Fuentes Mateos, Rocío Paramio, Jesús M Bustelo, Xosé R. Baltanás, Fernando C. Santos de Dios, Eugenio Miguel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169724 2026-02-12T01:00:57Z 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]ABSTRACT Using Sos1 knockout (Sos1-KO), Sos2-KO, and Sos1/2 double-knockout (Sos1/2-DKO) mice, we assessed the functional role of Sos1 and Sos2 in skin homeostasis under physiological and/or pathological conditions. Sos1 depletion resulted in significant alterations of skin homeostasis, including reduced keratinocyte proliferation, altered hair follicle and blood vessel integrity in dermis, and reduced adipose tissue in hypodermis. These defects worsened significantly when both Sos1 and Sos2 were absent. Simultaneous Sos1/2 disruption led to severe impairment of the ability to repair skin wounds, as well as to almost complete ablation of the neutrophilmediated inflammatory response in the injury site. Furthermore, Sos1 disruption delayed the onset of tumor initiation, decreased tumor growth, and prevented malignant progression of papillomas in a DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[]anthracene)/TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced skin carcinogenesis model. Finally, Sos1 depletion in preexisting chemically induced papillomas resulted also in decreased tumor growth, probably linked to significantly reduced underlying keratinocyte proliferation. Our data unveil novel, distinctive mechanistic roles of Sos 1 and Sos2 in physiological control of skin homeostasis and wound repair, as well as in pathological development of chemically induced skin tumors. These observations underscore the essential role of Sos proteins in cellular proliferation and migration and support the consideration of these RasGEFs as potential biomarkers/therapy targets in Ras-driven epidermal tumors.

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Gerboth, S. Frittoli, E. Palamiessi, A. Baltanas, F. C. Salek, M. Rappsilber, J. Giuliani, C. Troglio, F. Rolland, Y. Pruneri, G. Kreutmair, S. Pallavicini, I. Zobel, M. Cinquanta, M. Minucci, S. Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Santos de Dios, Eugenio Miguel Illert, A. L. Scita, G. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169720 2026-02-12T01:00:54Z 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) is a dual guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates the small GTPases RAC and RAS. Although the molecular mechanisms of RAS GEF catalysis have been unveiled, how SOS1 acquires RAC GEF activity and what is the physio-pathological relevance of this activity is much less understood. Here we show that SOS1 is tyrosine phosphorylated on Y1196 by ABL. Phosphorylation of Y1196 controls SOS1 inter-molecular interaction, is required to promote the exchange of nucleotides on RAC in vitro and for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activation of RAC- and RAC-dependent actin remodeling and cell migration. SOS1 is also phosphorylated on Y1196 by BCR-ABL in chronic myelogenous leukemic cells. Importantly, in these cells, SOS1 is required for BCR-ABL-mediated activation of RAC, cell proliferation and transformation in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, genetic removal of Sos1 in the bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) from Sos1fl/fl mice and infected with BCR-ABL causes a significant delay in the onset of leukemogenesis once BMDCs are injected into recipient, lethally irradiated mice. Thus, SOS1 is required for full transformation and critically contribute to the leukemogenic potential of BCR-ABL.

2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Curto, Gloria G. Nieto Estévez, Vanesa Hurtado Chong, Anahí Valero, Jorge Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Alonso Peña, José Ramón Weruaga Prieto, Eduardo Vicario-Abejón, Carlos http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169693 2026-02-11T01:00:51Z 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The paired type homeobox 6 (Pax6) transcription factor (TF) regulates multiple aspects of neural stem cell (NSC) and neuron development in the embryonic central nervous system. However, less is known about the role of Pax6 in the maintenance and differentiation of adult NSCs and in adult neurogenesis. Using the + /SeyDey mouse, we have analyzed how Pax6 heterozygosis influences the self-renewal and proliferation of adult ol factory bulb stem cells (aOBSCs). In addition, we assessed its influence on neural differentiation, neuronal incorporation, and cell death in the adult OB, both in vivo and in vitro. Our results indicate that the Pax6 mutation alters Nestin + -cell proliferation in vivo, as well as self-renewal, proliferation, and survival of aOBSCs in vitro although a subpopulation of + /SeyDey progenitors is able to expand partially similar to wild-type progenitors. This mutation also impairs aOBSC differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes, whereas it increases cell death while preserving astrocyte survival and differentiation. Furthermore, Pax6 heterozygosis causes a reduction in the variety of neurochemical interneuron subtypes generated from aOBSCs in vitro and in the incorporation of newly generated neurons into the OB in vivo. Our findings support an important role of Pax6 in the maintenance of aOBSCs by regulating cell death, self-renewal, and cell fate, as well as in neuronal incorporation into the adult OB. They also suggest that deregulation of the cell cycle machinery and TF expression in aOBSCs which are deficient in Pax6 may be at the origin of the phenotypes observed in this adult NSC population.

2014-01-01T00:00:00Z Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Jimeno García, David Fernández Medarde, Alberto García Navas, Rósula Mercedes Calzada, Nuria Santos de Dios, Eugenio Miguel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169690 2026-02-11T01:00:55Z 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Various parameters of neurogenesis were analyzed in parallel in the two neurogenic areas (the Dentate Gyrus[DG] and the Subventricular Zone[SVZ]/Rostral Migratory Stream[RMS]/Main Olfactory Bulb[MOB] neurogenic system) of adult WT and KO mouse strains for the Ras-GRF1/2 genes (Ras-GRF1-KO, Ras-GRF2-KO, Ras-GRF1/2-DKO). Significantly reduced numbers of doublecortin[DCX]-positive cells were specifically observed in the DG, but not the SVZ/RMS/MOB neurogenic region, of Ras-GRF2-KO and Ras-GRF1/2-DKO mice indicating that this novel Ras-GRF2-dependent phenotype is spatially restricted to a specific neurogenic area. Consistent with a role of CREB as mediator of Ras-GRF2 function in neurogenesis, the density of p-CREB-positive cells was also specifically reduced in all neurogenic regions of Ras-GRF2-KO and DKO mice. Similar levels of early neurogenic proliferation markers (Ki67, BrdU) were observed in all different Ras-GRF genotypes analyzed but significantly elevated levels of nestin-immunolabel, particularly of undifferentiated, highly ramified, A-type nestin-positive neurons were specifically detected in the DG but not the SVZ/RMS/MOB of Ras-GRF2-KO and DKO mice. Together with assays of other neurogenic markers (GFAP, Sox2, Tuj1, NeuN), these observations suggest that the deficit of DCX/p-CREB-positive cells in the DG of Ras-GRF2-depleted mice does not involve impaired neuronal proliferation but rather delayed transition from the stem cell stage to the differentiation stages of the neurogenic process. This model is also supported by functional analyses of DG-derived neurosphere cultures and transcriptional characterization of the neurogenic areas of mice of all relevant Ras-GRF genotypes suggesting that the neurogenic role of Ras-GRF2 is exerted in a cell-autonomous manner through a specific transcriptional program.

2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Jimeno García, David Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Calzada, Nuria Villa, Pedro de la Lillo Delgado, María Concepción Santos de Dios, Eugenio Miguel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169689 2026-02-11T01:00:54Z 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Detailed immunocytochemical analyses comparing wild-type (WT), GRF1-knockout (KO), GRF2-KO and GRF1/2 double-knockout (DKO) mouse retinas uncovered the specific accumulation of misplaced, ‘ectopic’ cone photoreceptor nuclei in the photoreceptor segment (PS) area of retinas from GRF2-KO and GRF1/2-DKO, but not of WT or GRF1-KO mice. Localization of ectopic nuclei in the PS area of GRF2-depleted retinas occurred postnatally and peaked between postnatal day (P)11 and P15. Mechanistically, the generation of this phenotype involved disruption of the outer limiting membrane and intrusion into the PS layer by cone nuclei displaying significant perinuclear accumulation of signaling molecules known to participate in nuclear migration and cytoskeletal reorganization, such as PAR3, PAR6 and activated, phosphorylated forms of PAK, MLC2 and VASP. Electroretinographic recordings showed specific impairment of cone-mediated retinal function in GRF2-KO and GRF1/2-DKO retinas compared with WT controls. These data identify defective cone nuclear migration as a novel phenotype in mouse retinas lacking GRF2 and support a crucial role of GRF2 in control of the nuclear migration processes required for proper postnatal development and function of retinal cone photoreceptors.

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z Baltanás, Fernando C. Weruaga Prieto, Eduardo Murias, Azucena R. Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Curto, Gloria G. Alonso Peña, José Ramón http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169685 2026-02-11T01:00:49Z 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The Pax6 transcription factor is a key element along brain development in both the visual and olfactory systems. The involvement of Pax6 in neural fate is well documented in the visual system, whereas in the olfactory system, and in particular in the olfactory bulb (OB), its expression during adulthood has only begun to be elucidated. In the OB, the modulation of primary sensory information is first performed by periglomerular cells (PG). A considerable body of information has unveiled the neurochemical heterogeneity of these neurons. Thus it is well known that Pax6 coexists with dopaminergic/GABAergic mouse PG. However, the presence of this transcription factor in other mouse PG subpopulations has not been studied. Here, we analyzed whether Pax6 is expressed in PG containing the calcium-binding proteins neurocalcin and parvalbumin, and the neuropeptide cholecystokinin. Our results show that Pax6 is not expressed by these PG subpopulations, suggesting that it is mainly restricted to GABAergic PG populations. These findings provide new data in the chemical characterization of mouse Pax6-positive PG.

2009-01-01T00:00:00Z Recio, Javier S. Weruaga Prieto, Eduardo Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Valero, Jorge Briñón, Jesús G. Alonso Peña, José Ramón http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169654 2026-02-10T01:03:35Z 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The connections of the main olfactory bulb (OB) of themouse were studied with iontophoretic injections of bi-otinylated dextran amine. To sort efferences from mitralcells and tufted cells, the Purkinje cell degeneration(PCD) mouse was used. This mutant animal undergoesa specific neurodegeneration of mitral cells, whereastufted cells do not degenerate. The unilateral tracerinjections used were small and confined largely to theOB of both PCD and control mice at P120. Seven daysafter tracer injection, the efferences from the OB andthe centrifugal afferences from secondary olfactorystructures to it were studied. Although there is a largeoverlap of their target fields, mitral cell axons inner-vated more caudal regions of the olfactory cortex thantufted cell axons, thus providing definitive evidence ofthe differential projections of olfactory output neurons.Additionally, an important increase in retrogradely-labeled neurons was detected in the ipsilateral anteriorolfactory nucleus of the mutant animals. This was notobserved in any other secondary olfactory structure,suggesting a strengthening of the centrifugal input tothe OB from that central area after mitral cell loss.Moreover, we recorded a complete loss of bilaterality inthe olfactory connections of the PCD mice due todegeneration of the anterior commissure. These resultspoint to an important reorganization of this essentialolfactory circuit between the anterior olfactory nucleusand the OB, and hint at a transsynaptic level of plastic-ity not considered previously in literature

2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Valero , Jorge Weruaga Prieto, Eduardo Murias, A.R. Recio, J.S. Curto, G. G. Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Alonso Peña, José Ramón http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169645 2026-02-10T01:01:54Z 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Postnatally, the Purkinje cell degen-eration mutant mice lose the main projecting neurons ofthe main olfactory bulb (OB): mitral cells (MC). Inadult animals, progenitor cells from the rostral migra-tory stream (RMS) differentiate into bulbar interneur-ons that modulate MC activity. In the present work, westudied changes in proliferation, tangential migration,radial migration patterns, and the survival of thesenewly generated neurons in this neurodegeneration ani-mal model. The animals were injected with bromodeoxy-uridine 2 weeks or 2 months before killing in order tolabel neuroblast incorporation into the OB and to ana-lyze the survival of these cells after differentiation,respectively. Both the organization and cellular compo-sition of the RMS and the differentiation of the newly generated neurons in the OB were studied using specificmarkers of glial cells, neuroblasts, and mature neurons.No changes were observed in the cell proliferation ratenor in their tangential migration through the RMS, indi-cating that migrating neuroblasts are only weakly re-sponsive to the alteration in their target region, the OB.However, the absence of MC does elicit differences inthe final destination of the newly generated interneur-ons. Moreover, the loss of MC also produces changes inthe survival of the newly generated interneurons, in ac-cordance with the dramatic decrease in the number ofsynaptic targets available

2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Porteros Herrero, Ángel Fernando Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Valero, Jorge Calvo Baltanás, Fernando Alonso Peña, José Ramón http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169644 2026-02-10T01:01:44Z 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The distribution patterns of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase(AChE) were studied in the olfactory bulb (OB) of three species of macaque. AChE wasdetected by a histochemical method and ChAT immunoreactivity by immunocytochemistry.Similar results were observed in all species analyzed. With the exception of the olfactorynerve layer, all layers of the macaque monkey OB demonstrated a dense innervation ofAChE- and ChAT-positive fibers. The distribution patterns of AChE- and ChAT-labeled fiberswere similar for both cholinergic markers, although the number of AChE-labeled fibers wasclearly higher than the number of ChAT-immunoreactive fibers. The highest density of AChEand ChAT-stained fibers was observed in the interface between the glomerular layer and theexternal plexiform layer and in the internal plexiform layer. Dense bundles of labeled fiberswere observed in the caudal OB, coursing from the olfactory peduncle. All ChAT-immunopositive elements were identified as centrifugal fibers, derived from neurons caudalto the OB. Neither olfactory fibers nor intrinsic neurons were observed after ChAT immu-nocytochemistry. However, a few AChE-positive cells were observed in the glomerular layerand in both external and internal plexiform layers. These neurons were presumably identi-fied as periglomerular cells, superficial short-axon cells, and/or external tufted cells and deepshort-axon cells. Contrary to other neurotransmitters and neuroactive substances, the dis-tribution patterns of ChAT and AChE activities in the macaque monkey OB closely resem-bled the patterns described in macrosmatic mammals and showed laminar differences withthe distribution pattern observed in humans.

2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Briñón, J.G. Valero , Jorge Recio, J.S. Murias, A. R. Curto, G. G. Orio, L. Colado, M. I. Alonso Peña, José Ramón http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169640 2026-02-10T01:01:46Z 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The dopaminergic system plays important roles in the modulation of olfactory transmission. The present study examines the distribution of dopaminergic cells and the content of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in control and deprived olfactory bulbs (OB), focusing on the differences between sexes. The content of DA and of its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), were measured by HPLC. The morphology and distribution of dopaminergic neurons were studied using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. Cells were typified with TH–parvalbumin, TH–cholecystokinin or TH–neurocalcin double-immunofluorescence assays. Biochemical analyses revealed sex differences in the content of DA and of its metabolites. In normal conditions, the OBs of male rats had higher concentrations of DA, DOPAC and HVA than the OBs of females. The immunohistochemical data pointed to sex differences in the number of TH-immunopositive cells (higher in male than in female rats). Colocalization analyses revealed that dopaminergic cells constitute a different cell subpopulation from those labelled after parvalbumin, cholecystokinin or neurocalcin immunostaining. Unilateral olfactory deprivation caused dramatic alterations in the dopaminergic system. The DA content and the density of dopaminergic cells decreased, the contents of DA and DOPAC as well as TH immunoreactivity were similar in deprived males and females and, finally, the metabolite ⁄ neurotransmitter ratio increased. Our results show that the dopaminergic modulation of olfactory transmission seems to differ between males and females and that it is regulated by peripheral olfactory activity. A possible role of the dopaminergic system in the sexually different olfactory sensitivity, discrimination and memory is discussed

2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Baltanás, Fernando C. Berciano, María T. Valero Gómez Lobo, Jorge Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Díaz López, David Alonso Peña, José Ramón Lafarga, Miguel Weruaga Prieto, Eduardo http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169624 2026-02-10T01:01:56Z 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mice harbor a nna1 genemutation which leads to an early and rapid degeneration ofPurkinje cells (PC) between the third and fourth week ofage. This mutation also underlies the death of mitral cells(MC) in the olfactory bulb (OB), but this process is slowerand longer than in PC. No clear interpretations supportingthe marked differences in these neurodegenerative proc-esses exist. Growing evidence suggests that either benefi-cial or detrimental effects of gliosis in damaged regionswould underlie these divergences. Here, we examined thegliosis occurring during PC and MC death in the PCDmouse. Our results demonstrated different glial reactionsin both affected regions. PC disappearance stimulated asevere gliosis characterized by strong morphologicalchanges, enhanced glial proliferation, as well as the releaseof pro-inflammatory mediators. By contrast, MC degenera-tion seems to promote a more attenuated glial response inthe PCD OB compared with that of the cerebellum. Strik-ingly, cerebellar oligodendrocytes died by apoptosis in thePCD, whereas bulbar ones were not affected. Interestingly,the level of nna1 mRNA under normal conditions washigher in the cerebellum than in the OB, probably relatedto a faster neurodegeneration and stronger glial reaction inits absence. The glial responses may thus influence theneurodegenerative course in the cerebellum and OB of themutant mouse brain, providing harmful and beneficialmicroenvironments, respectively

2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Airado, Carmen Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Sánchez Recio, Javier Baltanás, Fernando C. Weruaga Prieto, Eduardo Alonso Peña, José Ramón http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169621 2026-02-10T01:01:55Z 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Zinc ions are selectively accumulated in certain neurons (zinc-enriched neurons). The mouse olfactory bulb is richly innervated by zinc-enriched terminals. Here, the plasticity of the zincergic system was studied in the olfactory bulb of the Purkinje Cell Degeneration mutant mouse, an animal with specific postnatal neurodegeneration of the main projection neurons of the olfactory bulb. The analysis focused particularly on the anterior olfactory nucleus since most centrifugal afferents coming to the olfactory bulb arise from this structure. Zinc-enriched terminals in the olfactory bulb and zinc-enriched somata in the anterior olfactory nucleus were visualized after selenite injections. Immunohistochemistry against the vesicular zinc transporter was also carried out to confirm the distribution pattern of zinc-enriched terminals in the olfactory bulb. The mutant mice showed a clear reorganization of zincergic centrifugal projections from the anterior olfactory nucleus to the olfactory bulb. First, all zincergic contralateral neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb were absent in the mutant mice. Second, a significant increase in the number of stained somata was detected in the ipsilateral anterior olfactory nucleus. Since no noticeable changes were observed in the zinc-enriched terminals in the olfactory bulb, it is conceivable that mitral cell loss could induce a reorganization of zinc-enriched projections coming from the anterior olfactory nucleus, probably directed at balancing the global zincergic centrifugal modulation. These results show that zincergic anterior olfactory nucleus cells projecting to the olfactory bulb undergo plastic changes to adapt to the loss of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb of Purkinje Cell Degeneration mutant mice.

2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Gómez Rodríguez, Carmela Briñón, J.G. Colado, M. I. Orio, L. Vidal, M. Barbado, M.V. Alonso, J.R. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169616 2026-02-10T01:01:40Z 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The lack of environmental olfactory stimulation produced by sensory deprivation causes significant changes in the deprived olfactory bulb. Olfactory transmission in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) is strongly modulated by centrifugal systems. The present report examines the effects of unilateral deprivation on the noradrenergic and cholinergic centrifugal systems innervating the MOB. The morphology, distribution, and density of positive axons were studied in the MOBs of control and deprived rats, using dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in serial sections. Catecholamine content was compared among the different groups of MOBs (control, contralateral, and ipsilateral to the deprivation) using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Sensory deprivation revealed that the noradrenergic system developed adaptive plastic changes after olfactory deprivation, including important modifications in its fiber density and distribution, while no differences in cholinergic innervation were observed under the same conditions. The noradrenergic system underwent an important alteration in the glomerular layer, in which some glomeruli showed a dense noradrenergic innervation that was not detected in control animals. The DBH-positive glomeruli with the highest noradrenergic fiber density were compared with AChE-stained sections and it was observed that the strongly noradrenergic-innervated glomeruli were always atypical glomeruli (characterized by their strong degree of cholinergic innervation). In addition to the morphological findings, our biochemical data revealed that olfactory deprivation caused a decrease in the content of dopamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the ipsilateral MOB in comparison to the contralateral and control MOBs, together with an increase in noradrenaline levels in both the ipsilateral and contralateral MOBs. Our results show that regulation of the noradrenergic centrifugal system in the MOB depends on environmental olfactory stimulation and that it is highly reactive to sensory deprivation. By contrast, the cholinergic system is fairly stable and does not exhibit clear changes after the loss of sensory inputs.

2006-01-01T00:00:00Z