Departamento Enfermería y Fisioterapia

Introducción

2026-09-12T00:04:00Z

El libro Cuidados respiratorios en personas adultas con parálisis cerebral es una guía multidisciplinar dirigida a profesionales, cuidadores y familias, centrada en mejorar la calidad de vida mediante el abordaje integral de la función respiratoria. Parte de la premisa de que respirar puede verse comprometido por alteraciones neuromotoras, posturales y musculares, y propone estrategias prácticas para prevenir, detectar y tratar complicaciones. A lo largo de siete capítulos, se presentan cuidados médicos, de enfermería y rehabilitación, con énfasis en higiene, posicionamiento, vacunación y manejo de problemas como hipoventilación o aspiración. La fisioterapia respiratoria ocupa un lugar central, con ejercicios activos, pasivos e instrumentales adaptados al entorno clínico y domiciliario. La logopedia se aborda desde su vínculo con la respiración, fonación y deglución, incluyendo técnicas orofaciales y de estimulación. La terapia ocupacional y la fisioterapia postural se enfocan en la alineación corporal para facilitar la ventilación. La musicoterapia se presenta como recurso innovador que combina ritmo y respiración consciente. El trabajo social cierra la obra con orientación sobre ayudas y recursos. El texto destaca por su rigor científico, claridad pedagógica y enfoque ético, promoviendo una atención personalizada, colaborativa y centrada en la persona. Es una obra de referencia accesible y comprometida con la mejora integral de la salu d respiratoria en adultos con parálisis cerebral.

Trabajo social: ayudas/prestaciones disponibles para acceder a servicios de rehabilitación

2026-09-12T00:03:59Z

El papel de la musicoterapia en la calidad respiratoria de personas adultas con parálisis cerebral

2026-09-12T00:03:56Z

La respiración y la música han caminado juntas a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad. Por ello, para entender las dinámicas internas de la música necesariamente se debe entender la propia respiración. En todas las culturas del planeta existen referencias culturales al respecto desde los orígenes de las civilizaciones. Concretamente en la cultura occidental, la notación musical neumática refleja, en su esencia, la propia comprensión del concepto de «pneuma», una palabra que se remonta a la Grecia antigua, y cuyo significado es el de «respiración», asociando su comprensión al funcionamiento rítmico de la mente humana, ya que, entendido como «aliento de vida», se fusiona in-directamente a la idea de «psique».

Un correcto posicionamiento para fomentar un buen estado respiratorio: aportaciones de terapia ocupacional y fisioterapia

2026-09-12T00:03:53Z

Las personas con parálisis cerebral a menudo presentan alteración en el tono muscular, la contracción de la musculatura y el control postural. Esto afecta negativamente al desarrollo de los músculos del tronco, que son la base de la respiración, provocando deformidades torácicas que darán lugar a problemas respiratorios.

Logopedia en el manejo de los problemas respiratorios en adultos con parálisis cerebral

2026-09-12T00:03:50Z

Los problemas respiratorios son comunes en algunas personas con parálisis cerebral dificultando algunas de sus funciones básicas. El logopeda, junto con otros profesionales, puede ayudar a formar un patrón respiratorio correcto y a su coordinación con otras funciones esenciales como la deglución y la fonación.

Fisioterapia respiratoria en personas adultas con parálisis cerebral

2026-09-12T00:03:48Z

Uno de los aspectos clave en el cuidado respiratorio de las personas con parálisis ce-rebral es la implementación de técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria, que incluyen ejer-cicios para mejorar la expansión pulmonar, la eliminación de secreciones y la mejora de la fuerza y la coordinación muscular en la respiración. Estas técnicas pueden ser realizadas por un fisioterapeuta especializado, pero también pueden ser aprendidas por los cuidadores para ser aplicadas en el hogar. Además, la identificación temprana de problemas respiratorios, como la dificultad para respirar o la presencia de infeccio-nes, es crucial para iniciar un tratamiento oportuno que evite el deterioro de la función pulmonar.

Cuidados básicos médicos, de enfermería y rehabilitación en población adulta con parálisis cerebral

2026-09-12T00:03:43Z

Las personas adultas con parálisis cerebral son más susceptibles de presentar infecciones respiratorias debido a la debilidad muscular, los problemas de postura, las dificultades que tienen a la hora de eliminar secreciones o la aspiración de secreciones.Esta guía pretende ayudar a familias y profesionales a saber identificar los riesgos, realizar los mejores cuidados respiratorios y prevenir las complicaciones que puedan aparecer.

Cuidados respiratorios en personas adultas con parálisis cerebral

2026-09-12T00:03:41Z

Efficacy of exercise interventions in multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2026-09-12T00:03:36Z

Purpose: To synthesize and quantify the effects of exercise interventions on physical function and patient-reported outcomes in adults with multiple myeloma (MM). Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251271216). PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2026. Randomized and nonrandomized studies evaluating structured exercise interventions in adults with MM were considered eligible. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale, and risk of bias was evaluated with the RoB 2 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean differences. Results: The search identified 10,907 records, of which 20 studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis (n = 1,032) and 9 for quantitative synthesis (n = 576). Exercise interventions lasted a mean of 14.4 weeks, were performed 3.3 times per week, and were most commonly based on combined aerobic and resistance training. Quantitative synthesis was conducted for aerobic capacity, quality of life, fatigue, upper-limb strength, lower-limb strength, and pain. Across outcomes, pooled effects were generally small and did not reach statistical significance. Heterogeneity was low to moderate for most outcomes, although substantial inconsistency was observed for aerobic capacity and lower-limb strength. Methodological quality ranged from fair to good, and 55.6% of the randomized studies were rated as having a high risk of bias, mainly due to missing outcome data. Mean study-level attrition rates were observed in both exercise and control groups, supporting the feasibility of exercise interventions in this population. Conclusions: Exercise interventions in patients with MM appear feasible, but current evidence shows small and non-significant effects on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, fatigue, quality of life, and pain. Given the limited number of studies, small sample sizes, and methodological heterogeneity, the true magnitude of exercise-related benefits remains uncertain. Larger, well-designed randomized controlled trials with standardized exercise protocols are needed to clarify the efficacy and optimal prescription of exercise in this population. Implications for Cancer Survivors: This study indicates that structured exercise programs are feasible and well-tolerated by individuals with MM. Although current evidence shows limited immediate effects on physical function and quality of life, patients can safely engage in combined aerobic and resistance training. Survivors should discuss personalized, well-monitored exercise options with their healthcare team to maintain activity levels while more definitive guidelines are established.

8- versus 12-week supervised resistance training with home-based physical activity during colorectal cancer treatment: a pilot randomized dose-comparison trial

2026-09-12T00:03:35Z

BACKGROUND: Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing systemic therapy frequently experience functional decline, fatigue, and treatment-related symptoms. Resistance training (RT) is safe during treatment, but the minimum effective duration remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of an 8-week versus 12-week supervised RT program on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and selected functional, psychosocial, behavioral, and hematological/inflammatory parameters in patients with CRC. METHODS: In this pilot randomized clinical trial, 30 adults with CRC were randomized (1:1) to 8 weeks (n = 15) or 12 weeks (n = 15) of supervised RT (2 sessions/week) plus home-based physical activity (3 days/week). The primary outcome was CIPN (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20). Secondary outcomes included handgrip strength, quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30), anxiety/depression (HADS), physical activity, and hematological/inflammatory parameters. RESULTS: All participants completed the intervention, with adherence > 90% and no adverse events. No between-group differences were observed in CIPN. Handgrip strength suggested greater adjusted gains in the 12-week group for both dominant (pFDR = 0.026) and non-dominant hand (pFDR = 0.009). Psychological outcomes showed an adjusted between-group difference for HADS total score (pFDR = 0.022). Exploratory analyses suggested a reduction in NLR after 12 weeks (p = 0.043), with no significant adjusted between-group differences. Nominal between-group differences in fatigue and gastrointestinal symptoms were observed only in unadjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Supervised RT during systemic treatment in CRC appears feasible and safe. In this pilot dose-comparison trial, both programs were associated with improvements in selected outcomes, although efficacy cannot be established. A 12-week duration may be associated with additional benefits; however, findings are exploratory. Larger trials including usual-care controls are needed. REGISTRATION: The clinical trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07307690) on 1 January 2026.

Effects of a resistance training program on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, cancer-related fatigue, muscle strength and physical activity in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a pilot randomized controlled trial

2026-09-12T00:03:33Z

Background/objectives Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a frequent toxicity of neurotoxic agents commonly used in colorectal cancer (CRC) and has limited evidence-based management options. Exercise may help, but the optimal prescription during chemotherapy remains uncertain. To evaluate the effects of an eight-week exercise program on CIPN (primary outcome), cancer-related fatigue (CRF), handgrip strength, and physical activity in CRC patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods This pilot parallel-group randomized controlled trial screened 44 CRC patients receiving chemotherapy; 40 were randomized (1:1) to an intervention group (supervised resistance training twice weekly plus home-based aerobic exercise) or a control group (home-based physical activity program only). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after eight weeks. NCT06404359. Results Twenty-seven participants completed follow-up (intervention n = 15; control n = 12). Baseline characteristics were comparable. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed for CIPN, CRF, or handgrip strength. Physical activity increased significantly in the intervention group compared with controls (p < 0.001). Adherence exceeded 80%, and no exercise-related adverse events were reported. Conclusions In this pilot trial, an eight-week program combining supervised resistance training with home-based aerobic exercise was feasible and safe and increased self-reported physical activity, but did not demonstrate statistically significant improvements in CIPN, fatigue, or strength compared with home-based aerobic exercise alone. Larger adequately powered trials are warranted.

Influencia del ejercicio físico en la gravedad de la COVID-19

2026-09-12T00:03:31Z

Antecedentes La enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) fue declarada pandemia en marzo de 2020. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la práctica de ejercicio físico y la gravedad de la COVID-19. Método Estudio observacional en una cohorte de 29.875 personas de la Universidad de Salamanca (2.800 profesores/investigadores, 1.289 personal de servicio y 25.786 estudiantes) mediante la realización de una encuesta anónima telemática que recogió los datos sobre la realización de ejercicio, el diagnóstico de COVID-19 y sus síntomas. La encuesta fue realizada durante la primavera de 2021 y estuvo abierta un mes. Resultados Se recibieron 3.662 respuestas completas. Se utilizó la metodología «raking» para inferir los resultados a toda la población de estudio (29.875 personas). Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001) entre la presencia de síntomas y la práctica de ejercicio, la probabilidad de sufrir síntomas en personas que no practicaban ejercicio antes de COVID-19 fue 2,18 veces mayor que en aquellas que practicaban ejercicio (IC 95%; 1,825-2,611). La práctica de ejercicio más de 5 días/semana fue el factor más protector (Chi-cuadrado = 134,22; gl = 2; p < 0,000). El ejercicio intenso fue más efectivo que el ejercicio moderado (Chi-cuadrado = 36,88; gl = 1; p < 0,000) para prevenir los síntomas de COVID-19. Conclusión El ejercicio físico es un factor protector en la enfermedad COVID-19. El ejercicio regular, al menos 5 días/semana, resultó ser la opción más adecuada para prevenir los síntomas de la enfermedad. El ejercicio intenso logró mayor efectividad que el ejercicio moderado en el control de la gravedad de la enfermedad.

Guía para futuros estudiantes de prácticas clínicas del Grado en Enfermería

2026-09-12T00:02:51Z

Las prácticas clínicas representan uno de los momentos más importantes en la formación del estudiante de Enfermería. Constituyen el primer contacto directo con la realidad asistencial y el escenario donde los conocimientos adquiridos en la universidad se transforman en competencias profesionales, habilidades técnicas y capacidades de comunicación, razonamiento clínico y trabajo en equipo. Con el propósito de facilitar este proceso de aprendizaje, nace la Guía para futuros estudiantes de prácticas clínicas del Grado en Enfermería, una iniciativa desarrollada por los estudiantes de las asignaturas Prácticas Clínicas I y Prácticas Clínicas III de la Universidad de Salamanca, del curso 2025/2026. Esta obra recopila las guías elaboradas por los propios estudiantes tras su paso por los diferentes servicios hospitalarios y centros asistenciales. Cada una de ellas refleja, desde una perspectiva cercana y práctica, cómo es el funcionamiento de la unidad, qué perfil de pacientes encontrarán, cuáles son las técnicas y procedimientos más frecuentes, qué competencias podrán desarrollar, qué aspectos suelen resultar más complejos y qué recomendaciones consideran útiles antes de iniciar la rotación. Además, incluyen orientaciones sobre los conocimientos que conviene repasar, la actitud que favorece una mejor integración en el equipo y una valoración global del servicio basada en su experiencia personal.

Effects of minimalist footwear on postural stability, plantar footprint, and safety in healthy adults: a single-blind randomized clinical trial

2026-08-31T00:02:02Z

This study evaluated the long-term changes induced by wearing minimalist footwear (MF) during activities of daily living (ADLs) on the plantar footprint and postural stability in healthy adults. In this randomized clinical trial, a total of 95 healthy adults were recruited; 90 participants completed the protocol and were analyzed in either an experimental group (EG, n = 45), which wore MF for at least 5 h per day over a 6-month period, or a passive control group (CG, n = 45). Plantar pressure distribution (forefoot, rearfoot, and total contact areas), static stability (center of pressure (CoP) displacement under open-eyes and closed-eyes conditions), and dynamic stability (forward reach test) were assessed using a force platform at baseline and post-intervention. A self-reported questionnaire and an adverse event record were also completed by the EG. Statistical analysis was carried out using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a paired Student’s t-test; statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. The Group × Time interaction analysis revealed no statistically significant between-group differences across the evaluated parameters. However, within-group analysis showed a significant increase in CoP displacement under the open-eye condition in the CG (𝑝=0.037), indicating a decline in baseline postural efficiency, whereas the EG maintained structural and posturographic stability. Regarding user feedback, comfort (44.4%) was highlighted as the primary advantage, aesthetics (77.8%) was the main drawback, and 70% of the participants intended to continue using MF. Only two minor, transient adverse events were recorded. In conclusion, a 6-month program of MF use during ADLs did not produce any statistically significant changes in plantar footprint or stability in healthy adults.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocols for glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

2026-08-31T00:01:59Z

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has emerged as a potential alternative or adjunctive intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who experience barriers to conventional exercise participation. This systematic review aimed to synthesise NMES protocols and evaluate their effects on glycaemic outcomes in adults with T2DM. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 recommendations and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251006814). PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched from inception to January 2026. Interventional studies evaluating NMES-induced skeletal muscle contractions and reporting glycaemic outcomes in adults with T2DM were included. Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesised without meta-analysis using a structured Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM)-informed approach. Ten studies involving 163 participants met the eligibility criteria. Acute NMES interventions consistently attenuated postprandial or short-term CGM-derived glucose responses, whereas chronic effects on fasting glucose and HbA1c were more variable. Favourable outcomes were more frequently observed in studies using stimulation of large lower-limb muscle groups and greater cumulative exposure. NMES was generally safe, well tolerated and associated with high adherence. NMES may improve glycaemic regulation in adults with T2DM; however, adequately powered sham-controlled trials with standardised protocols remain necessary.

Effects of physical exercise, cognitive stimulation, and their combination on mobility, cognitive function, and psychosocial well-being in older adults residing in long-term care: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

2026-08-27T00:02:32Z

Background/Objectives: Older adults residing in long-term care frequently experience multimorbidity, low habitual activity, mobility decline, executive dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. Evidence separating the effects of exercise, cognitive stimulation, and their combination remains limited. The primary objective of this trial is to determine whether a 12-week combined physical exercise plus cognitive stimulation programme improves executive function, functional mobility, and health-related quality of life compared with usual care. Secondary objectives are to estimate the effects of each single-component programme, compare the combined programme with each component, and examine maintenance at six months. Methods: This is a four-arm, parallel-group, assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial in Portuguese long-term care facilities. A total of 140 residents aged 65 years or older, residing in long-term care for at least three months and able to provide informed consent, will be allocated 1:1:1:1 to supervised multicomponent exercise, group cognitive stimulation, combined exercise plus cognitive stimulation, or usual care. Active programmes will be delivered three times weekly for 12 weeks. Assessments are planned at baseline, post-intervention, and six-month follow-up according to the prespecified schedule. Primary outcomes are the Stroop interference score, Timed Up and Go time, and EQ-5D-5L index value at 12 weeks. Analyses will follow the intention-to-treat principle using mixed-effects models; multiplicity across the three primary endpoints will be controlled using Holm’s procedure, and interaction analyses will be exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Results: Recruitment and data collection had not started at manuscript submission; therefore, no participant data are reported. Conclusions: The trial will estimate the effects of the combined programme versus usual care and provide exploratory comparative evidence on the single-component programmes in real-world long-term care.