http://hdl.handle.net/10366/4331 2026-04-28T16:57:05Z 2026-04-28T16:57:05Z Orfao e Vale Tabernero, Guillermo Mussida, Chiara Baussola, Maurizio Malo Ocaña, Miguel Ángel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171149 2026-04-28T09:41:46Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]This study traces gender convergence in the share of young people (15-29) who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET) across the EU-27 from 2004 to 2022. Using EU Labour Force Survey micro-data and Eurostat aggregates, we estimate β-, σ-, and δ-convergence. The results point to a clear narrowing of the average gender gap (upward β-convergence). While overall cross-country dispersion has not fallen (no σ-convergence), a catch-up process towards the countries with the smallest gender gaps is evident (δ-convergence). The closing gap is driven mainly by improved labour-market and educational outcomes for women, coupled with a general deterioration in men’s outcomes. In the long run, early school-leaving rates, youth employment levels and spending on active labour-market policies emerge as key determinants of gender convergence. We conclude by outlining the policy implications of these findings.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Corpus Espinosa, Claudia Mac Fadden, Isotta Lima-Serrano, Marta http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171138 2026-04-28T07:23:02Z 2026-04-27T00:00:00Z

[EN]Background Applying established frameworks for cultural adaptation of evidence-based programs (EBPs) is essential to ensure cost-effectiveness, adoption, and sustainability while advancing health equity. However, adaptation processes often lack systematic approaches, particularly outside academic contexts. Purpose This study explores how cultural adaptation processes of prevention programs are delivered to address adolescent substance use and common mental health issues, from the perspective of the main stakeholders involved in these processes. In parallel, it aims to empirically refine and specify the 11 stages synthesized in prior work that integrated insights from multiple cultural adaptation processes and frameworks. Methods A qualitative analysis was conducted using content analysis of 22 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from the quadruple helix model: 6 from Academia, 6 from Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and 10 from Public administration, selected globally. Stakeholders were identified via brainstorming and purposive-convenience sampling, based on their roles in adapting, implementing, evaluating, or funding prevention programs addressing adolescent substance use and mental health issues. Despite extensive recruitment efforts, no representation from the Business helix was achieved, as only one business contact agreed to be interviewed, which was not considered sufficient for inclusion. Results The qualitative analysis refined and expanded the stages of a cultural adaptation sequence that reflects how cultural adaptation processes are conducted in practice: building synergies, local needs assessment, program selection, initial cultural adaptation, advisory group consultation, staff training, piloting, program refinement and readiness for implementation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and dissemination and sustainability. Notably, not all stakeholders followed or applied the steps uniformly. Furthermore, academics were the only group to report using formal cultural adaptation models, while NGOs and the Public administration relied on experiential and contextual knowledge. Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of translating scientific knowledge into practice contexts while ensuring continuous evaluation, dissemination, and sustainability of adapted EBPs targeting adolescent substance use and mental health issues. Collaborative efforts and co-creative strategies are crucial to maintaining cultural relevance. This study contributes by offering empirical refinement and operational specification of an 11-step cultural adaptation sequence identified in a prior scoping review. Linking evidence from prior literature with practice provides greater clarity and applicability for implementers seeking to culturally adapt prevention programs across diverse contexts.

2026-04-27T00:00:00Z Hernández Castellano, Silvia García Alonso, Elena María http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170896 2026-04-10T00:00:41Z 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z

[ES]El objetivo de este estudio es analizar desde un punto de vista exploratorio las desigualdades territoriales en educación en dos comunidades autónomas como Extremadura y Castilla y León, a partir de datos del Informe PISA 2023. Ambas regiones poseen una base socio-económica similar y elevado índice de ruralidad. De los datos obtenidos se ha podido extraer que las diferencias entre territorios pueden explicarse por diferentes factores, entre los que se incluyen: la política autonómica, la organización escolar y la inversión. Se corrobora que el modelo de descentralización política acentúa las diferencias y que las divergencias educativas entre ambos territorios ponen en entredicho la cohesión territorial. Asimismo, se confirma que el contexto socioeconómico y sociodemográfico junto con las diferencias en el ámbito educativo tienen una dimensión territorial y multifactorial, donde la inversión autonómica junto con el modelo de política educativa implantado promueve una mayor cohesión social y territorial.[EN]The aim of this study is to explore territorial inequalities in education in two Spanish re-gions—Extremadura and Castilla y León—based on data from the PISA2022 report. Both re-gions share a similar socioeconomic background and a high degree of rurality. The analysis re-veals that the differences between these territories can be explained by several factors, including regional policies, school organization, and investment. The findings confirm that the political decentralization model amplifies disparities and that the educational divergences between the two regions challenge territorial cohesion.Moreover, the study confirms that the socioeconomic and sociodemographic context, as well as disparities in the educational sphere, have a territorial and multifactorial dimension. In this regard, regional investment combined with the implemented educational policy model plays a key role in fostering greater social and territorial cohesion.

2026-02-01T00:00:00Z García Alonso, Elena María http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170893 2026-04-09T12:28:42Z 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming educational systems, reshaping how knowledge is produced, evaluated, and governed. Far from being a neutral technological enhancement, AI operates as a socio-technical infrastructure embedded in power relations that redistribute opportunities unequally across students, schools, and territories. This chapter analyzes the role of AI in the reproduction of educational inequalities from a sociological perspective, emphasizing how algorithmic systems amplify digital divides, reinforce structural and cultural biases, and introduce new forms of algorithmic governance that reshape agency, autonomy, and pedagogical decision-making. The discussion develops three interconnected analytical dimensions: the emergence of digital and algorithmic capital as forms of distinction that privilege advantaged learners; the reproduction of inequality through biased data, discriminatory predictions, and exclusionary platform design; and the rise of algorithmic governmentality, in which surveillance, metric-based accountability, and automated decision-making displace teachers’ professional judgment and shape student subjectivities through normalization and control. The chapter argues that addressing these dynamics requires ethical and political frameworks that prioritize transparency, accountability, inclusion, and democratic participation in the design and governance of AI in education. It concludes by calling for critical algorithmic literacy, participatory policy design, and culturally situated approaches capable of transforming AI into a tool for educational justice rather than a mechanism that reinforces existing hierarchies.

2026-03-01T00:00:00Z Gago Rivas, Víctor http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170418 2026-03-14T04:08:46Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

[ES] La presente tesis doctoral analiza la competencia electoral y las dinámicas de unidad entre partidos comunistas y formaciones de nueva izquierda radical en Europa Occidental, centrándose en aquellos contextos nacionales en los que ambas familias partidistas coexisten y compiten de manera sostenida. Este fenómeno, escasamente abordado por la literatura, se estudia de forma comparada a partir de los casos de Portugal, Grecia y Francia, los únicos países de Europa Occidental donde partidos comunistas históricos y nuevas izquierdas radicales mantienen simultáneamente representación parlamentaria. De manera complementaria, se incorpora un estudio de caso sobre España que permite analizar el paso de la competencia a la cooperación electoral en el seno de la izquierda radical. El objetivo principal de la investigación es identificar los mecanismos que explican la persistencia de ambas familias partidistas dentro de un mismo sistema político, así como los costes y beneficios derivados de sus estrategias de competencia y unidad. La hipótesis central sostiene que la coexistencia se explica por procesos de especialización electoral y territorial, mediante los cuales los partidos atraen a segmentos sociales y contextos geográficos diferenciados. La tesis se estructura en tres artículos empíricos. El primero analiza los determinantes individuales del voto a partidos comunistas y de nueva izquierda radical en Portugal, Grecia y Francia, a partir de datos de la European Social Survey y mediante modelos de regresión logística. Los resultados muestran que las diferencias entre electorados se concentran principalmente en el eje sociocultural, más que en el socioeconómico: los partidos comunistas tienden a atraer a votantes de mayor edad, vinculados a la clase trabajadora y con posiciones socioculturales más moderadas, mientras que las nuevas izquierdas movilizan a votantes más jóvenes, con mayor nivel educativo y actitudes claramente progresistas. El segundo artículo adopta una perspectiva de geografía política para examinar la especialización territorial del voto, combinando indicadores locales de autocorrelación espacial y modelos de regresión espacial. Los resultados indican que la relevancia del territorio varía según el país, siendo especialmente significativa en Portugal, más limitada en Grecia y prácticamente inexistente en Francia. El tercer artículo se centra en el caso español y analiza los efectos electorales de la coalición preelectoral entre Podemos e Izquierda Unida en las elecciones generales de 2016, mediante un diseño cuasiexperimental basado en datos de encuesta que permite medir el efecto causal del anuncio de la coalición en los votantes. Los resultados evidencian que los costes electorales de la cooperación tienden a concentrarse en el socio minoritario, lo que pone de relieve los dilemas estratégicos asociados a la unidad electoral. En conjunto, la tesis contribuye al estudio de la competencia intrafamiliar en la izquierda radical, al debate sobre el realineamiento de los cleavages y al análisis del papel del territorio y de las estrategias de cooperación en los sistemas de partidos.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Orfao e Vale Tabernero, Guillermo Fernández Macías, Enrique Malo Ocaña, Miguel Ángel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170132 2026-02-27T01:02:14Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]This article presents a comparative analysis of the role played by occupational changes in recent wage inequality trends in six European countries. This work contributes to a better understanding of how within- and between-occupation differences have influenced wage inequality trends in Europe. The database used is the European Union Structure of Earnings Survey for the period 2002–2018. The analysis shows two patterns in the share of wage inequality explained by between-occupation differentials: while the relative importance of between-occupation trends has grown in Finland and the UK, it has diminished in Spain, France, Poland and Romania. And although between-occupation differentials still account for a great share of total wages’ variance, changes in the occupational structure (in particular, the patterns of job polarisation and upgrading widely discussed in the literature) have not driven recent wage inequality trends in Europe. Wage inequality, instead, has been mostly driven by changes in wage differentials within occupations. Finally, we found that the explanatory significance of occupations markedly declines at the highest wage tiers.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Orfao e Vale Tabernero, Guillermo Malo Ocaña, Miguel Ángel Rey Poveda, Alberto del http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170131 2026-02-27T01:02:13Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]This article presents a multilevel analysis of unpaid overtime among young people (aged 15–34) across EU-28 member states. It finds that non-standard employment and the specific characteristics and institutions of Europe’s labour markets are related to unpaid overtime. Use has been made of the European Union Labour Force Survey database for 2019. The econometric analysis shows that a national level and a greater scope of collective bargaining agreements, a higher rate of involuntary part-time employment and lower levels of unemployment expenditure increase the probability of unpaid overtime among young people. Furthermore, our results reveal that how flexibility is boosted in European countries drives unpaid overtime. Temporary employment, working from home and a higher number of hours worked are positively related to unpaid overtime, while part-time employment and temporary work agencies are negatively related. Finally, the older and higher educated young workers have a greater propensity towards unpaid overtime, while there is a negative effect of shift work and no significant one in terms of gender and the degree of protection against dismissal. Policy implications for the implementation of flexibility policies and working time regulations are also discussed.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Orfao e Vale Tabernero, Guillermo Rey Poveda, Alberto del Malo Ocaña, Miguel Ángel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170129 2026-02-27T01:02:18Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]This article presents a comparative analysis of multiple jobholding and non-standard employment among young people in EU-28 member states. This work contributes to the understanding of multiple jobholding among youth by connecting the empirical work to the issues of labour market flexibilisation in Europe. The database used is the European Union Labour Force Survey for 2019. Non-standard forms of employment have a positive effect on the likelihood of secondary jobholding, especially part-time work. There is a high rate of multiple jobholding in Nordic countries, whereas it is low in Mediterranean, Central and Eastern European countries, where the time spent in second jobs is high. Finally, there are statistically significant differences in the propensity toward multiple jobholding according to level of education, gender, age, and country of birth, while there is no noticeable effect of over-qualification, although there is on the search for another job.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Orfao e Vale Tabernero, Guillermo Malo Ocaña, Miguel Ángel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170125 2026-02-27T01:02:12Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]We present a meta-evaluation of the literature on the impacts of active labour market policies for unemployed people over 50, extracting 82 impacts for analysis. The meta-evaluation includes only impact evaluations that examine both a group of beneficiaries and a control group of comparable non-beneficiaries. On average, we find that active policies have a slightly negative effect (−0.8 percentage points) on the probability of unemployed people over 50 finding a job and that this negative effect disappears 24 months after policy implementation. However, this effect is very different when disaggregated by policy type. Direct job creation policies have a clear negative effect (−3.9 percentage points), and training policies have a positive average effect, either in isolation (2.4 percentage points) or when combined with search assistance or counselling (1.7 percentage points). We also find slight differences by gender, with the effect of active policies being greater for women than for men. These results have important implications, given that the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have made active policies the cornerstone of their efforts to improve the re-employment of older people. Our results support training policies, either in isolation or in combination with search assistance and counselling. The greatest impacts are obtained after 12 months of policy implementation.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z García Gómez, Jesús Galeano Reguera, Juan Martin Esteve, Albert http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170007 2026-02-25T01:02:01Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Quantitative demographic research is often conducted at the national level, largely due to data limitations and a lack of hypotheses about within-country variation. Yet national-level data can obscure important internal diversity, leading to potentially misleading conclusions about demographic patterns. Using the CORESIDENCE Database, we analyse subnational variation in household arrangements across 142 countries divided into 1788 subnational units. We study four key household variables: household size, number of children, number of spouses or partners and number of other members. Results reveal substantial internal heterogeneity, particularly in Africa and Asia, where subnational variation often rivals or exceeds national-level variation. In contrast, European countries show greater homogeneity,making national datamore representative. These findingsemphasise the importance of integrating subnational data into demographic research. Relying solely on nationallevel indicators risks masking meaningful demographic patterns and misrepresenting population dynamics. As traditional census data become increasingly scarce, fine-grained data are crucial for capturing the complexity of demographic variation within countries.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z García Gómez, Jesús Parrado, Emilio http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170003 2026-02-25T01:02:01Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]We investigate early childbearing among Maghrebi and Latin American immigrant women and their descendants in Spain. We use a new database linking Natural Movement of the Population records between 2011 and 2015 to the 2011 Spanish Census. To identify whether immigrants’ descendants converge toward the Spanish very reduced profile of early childbearing, we run Poisson regression models. While Latin American immigrants converge toward the native population, among Maghrebi immigrants, the difference among those who arrived in Spain at more than 15 years of age is reduced, but the difference does not disappear in the second generation. To examine the differences in early childbearing between these two immigrant groups, we implement a multivariate decomposition. The mean number of children born between 2011 and 2015 was 0.12 for Latin American and 0.32 for Maghrebi immigrants. Differences in measured characteristics account for 39.72% of this difference and differences in effects account for 60.28%.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Rey Poveda, Alberto del García Gómez, Jesús Orfao e Vale Tabernero, Guillermo Wu, Mengyao http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170002 2026-02-25T01:01:56Z 2025-09-08T00:00:00Z

[EN]This study analyses the key transitions over the course of a woman’s life: forming a first union, leaving home, economic independence, and employment. It assesses their association with the probability of motherhood in Spain, a low-fertility country. The study focuses on the timing of these transitions and their particular conditions, as well as the order in which they occur. Data for the analysis are taken from the 2018 Fertility Survey (N = 7,819) conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute. We have applied event history models, specifically discrete-time logistic regression models. The study reveals varying relationships between life transitions and motherhood, emphasizing the relevance of both the order and specific characteristics of each transition. Forming a union is the main transition associated with motherhood, being moderated by the type of union, its stability, and by economic and employment circumstances. Leaving the parental home also shows a strong association with the likelihood of motherhood, although it also appears to be mediated by the woman’s economic, union, and employment status. Finally, access to employment favours motherhood, albeit to a lesser extent than the other life transitions.

2025-09-08T00:00:00Z López Gay, Antonio Rosa, Brian Ortega Burgos, Karen Sanz Pérez, Carlos García Gómez, Jesús http://hdl.handle.net/10366/170000 2026-02-25T01:01:58Z 2024-12-30T00:00:00Z

[EN]The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns about possible shifts in the determinants of residential mobility and the potential for a crisis in densely populated urban settings. Some studies have noted significant effects in the early months following the outbreak, though generally not intense enough to induce profound changes in residential systems. This research aims to explore aspects not yet addressed in the context of Spanish urban areas: (i) we focus on central municipalities, which were subject to speculation regarding a possible mass migration to rural areas; (ii) we extend the period of analysis until 2022, marking the third year since the pandemic’s onset; (iii) we incorporate a socioeconomic dimension, enabling us to examine changes in the profiles of individuals who changed residence after the pandemic; and (iv) we consider intra-city moves, a critical aspect for validating (or invalidating) the urban exodus hypothesis. By addressing these aspects, we outline the legacy and future implications of the pandemic in terms of residential mobility and its interplay with the socio-spatial reconfiguration of urban areas. After two years with some observable changes compared to the pre-pandemic period, by 2022, residential mobility patterns aligned with pre-pandemic tendencies in most dynamics. However, a significant change has been the reinforcement of movements away from urban cores among the most socioeconomically advantaged groups.[ES]El estallido de la pandemia de la COVID-19 suscitó interrogantes sobre posibles cambios en los determinantes de la movilidad residencial, al tiempo que se planteaba una crisis de los entornos urbanos más densos y poblados. Algunos trabajos han constatado efectos reseñables en los primeros meses de la pandemia, aunque en general no fueron lo suficientemente intensos como para provocar cambios profundos en los sistemas residenciales. Esta investigación se propone profundizar en aspectos que no han sido abordados todavía en el contexto de las ciudades españolas: (i) nos centramos en los municipios centrales, que fueron objeto de especulaciones sobre una posible migración masiva hacia áreas rurales; (ii) ampliamos el periodo de análisis hasta el año 2022, el tercer año desde el inicio de la pandemia; (iii) incorporamos la dimensión socioeconómica, lo que nos permite examinar los cambios en los perfiles de las personas que cambiaron de residencia; y (iv) consideramos los traslados dentro de las ciudades centrales, un aspecto crucial para validar, o no, la hipótesis del éxodo urbano. Al abordar estos aspectos, delineamos el legado y las implicaciones futuras de la pandemia en términos de movilidad residencial y su relación con los procesos de reconfiguración socio-espacial en áreas urbanas. Tras dos años con algunos cambios respecto a la pre-pandemia, en 2022, las pautas de movilidad residencial tendieron a converger con las observadas previamente en la mayor parte de las dinámicas. Sin embargo, un cambio reseñable ha sido el refuerzo de los movimientos de salida de las ciudades entre los grupos socioeconómicamente más aventajados.

2024-12-30T00:00:00Z Rey Poveda, Alberto del Stanek Baranowski, Mikolaj Andrzej García Gómez, Jesús http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169996 2026-02-25T01:01:57Z 2022-12-09T00:00:00Z

[ES]This article examines the pathways of leaving home in Spain by differentiating between moving out to live with a partner (marriage or cohabitation) and without one. We analyzed the relationship between these pathways, personal and family characteristics, and various life course events in both men and women. The analysis uses Spain’s 2018 Fertility Survey data, applying logistic regression, and competing risk models. The results revealed a major transformation in these pathways between generations, with women recording a greater diversity of situations. In general, there is a delay in leaving home among the younger generations and greater relevance of economic factors. Personal and family characteristics related to modern values are associated with new destinations, namely, cohabiting, and living without a partner, while the traditional pathway involving marriage has lost ground. Finally, life-course events are closely related to different destinations, representing the gendered professional career effect. Finding a job and building a career are positively associated with all kinds of departures among men; however, they are negatively associated with leaving home to marry among women

2022-12-09T00:00:00Z Stanek Baranowski, Mikolaj Andrzej Rey Poveda, Alberto del García Gómez, Jesús Dello Iacono, Chiara http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169994 2026-02-25T01:01:53Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

This study contributes to the debate on the determinants of over-qualification among European Union (EU) mobile workers. More specifically, we quantify the impact of observable compositional heterogeneity on the over-qualification gap between mobile workers from new EU member states (EU13) and those from old EU member states (EU15). Using data from the EU Labour Force Survey 2014 Ad Hoc Module, we first identify factors that may determine the likelihood of over-qualification among EU mobile workers through logistic regression models. Next, using a variant of the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique, we measure the effects of heterogeneity on human capital and differential distribution across European labour markets on the differences in over-qualification between these two groups of workers. Our results show that the differences in human capital explain an important aspect of the gap. However, the most important explanation for the disparities between both groups is the distribution of workers across countries clustered according to the type of labour market regulation. Our study reveals that despite the formal equality guaranteed by the EU law there are persistent inequalities in terms of educational–occupational adjustment that are largely (but not exclusively) due to structural and compositional factors.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z García Gómez, Jesús Rey Poveda, Alberto del http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169993 2026-02-25T01:01:48Z 2023-06-08T00:00:00Z

[ES]Este estudio analiza la fecundidad de las inmigrantes latinoamericanas en España. Utilizamos una base de datos que vincula al censo de 2011 el Movimiento Natural de la Población desde 2011 hasta 2015, y aplicamos modelos de regresión de Poisson. Concluimos que mientras las inmigrantes latinoamericanas de primera generación tienen una fecundidad completa superior a las nativas, las inmigrantes de 1,5 y segunda generación tienen una fecundidad completa de en torno a un 10 % inferior.[EN]We analyze the fertility of Latin American immigrant women in Spain. We use a database that links the 2011 Census with the Natural Movement of the Population records from 2011 to 2015 and apply Poisson regression models. We conclude that while first-generation Latin American immigrants have a higher completed fertility than natives, 1.5 and second-generation immigrants have around 10 % lower completed fertility than natives

2023-06-08T00:00:00Z