http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156965 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 05:51:42 GMT 2026-04-21T05:51:42Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157476 [EN]This paper proposes a machine learning approach dealing with genetic programming to build classifiers through logical rule induction. In this context, we define and test a set of mutation operators across from different clinical datasets to improve the performance of the proposal for each dataset. The use of genetic programming for rule induction has generated interesting results in machine learning problems. Hence, genetic programming represents a flexible and powerful evolutionary technique for automatic generation of classifiers. Since logical rules disclose knowledge from the analyzed data, we use such knowledge to interpret the results and filter the most important features from clinical data as a process of knowledge discovery. The ultimate goal of this proposal is to provide the experts in the data domain with prior knowledge (as a guide) about the structure of the data and the rules found for each class, especially to track dichotomies and inequality. The results reached by our proposal on the involved datasets have been very promising when used in classification tasks and compared with other methods. Fri, 27 Nov 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157476 2020-11-27T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157468 [ES] Introducción: La dinámica e interacción comercial entre países ha generado transformaciones en sus estructuras económicas, y un proceso de especialización productiva en el sector agropecuario. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento de la producción de hule (Hevea brasiliensis [Willd. ex A. Juss.] Müll. Arg.) e identificar las regiones especializadas y competitivas, mediante técnicas de análisis regional. Materiales y métodos: Los estados y municipios de la república mexicana se consideraron unidades geográficas. Los métodos de análisis fueron el cociente de localización, Shift and Share (indicador de cambio y participación), especialización y competitividad. El valor de la producción del cultivo de hule, en el periodo (1980-2016), se utilizó como variable de análisis. La información se obtuvo del Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados muestran expansión de la producción de hule y reconfiguración de su especialización. Tabasco es el estado más especializado y Veracruz, Chiapas y Tabasco presentan ventajas competitivas; sin embargo, los estados con mayores perspectivas de crecimiento y de ser altamente especializados y competitivos son Oaxaca y Tabasco. La especialización y competitividad de la producción de hule se relaciona con las condiciones naturales, la demanda del mercado y el desarrollo tecnológico. Conclusiones: Oaxaca y Tabasco tienen perspectivas de especialización y competitividad, por lo que la producción de hule debe expandirse a estas regiones que en teoría deben ser las más productivas y con costos de producción más bajos. Para aprovechar estas ventajas es necesario impulsar un sistema regional de innovación para el diseño e implementación de estrategias de especialización inteligente. [EN] Introduction: The dynamics and trade interaction between countries has led to transformations in their economic structures, and a process of productive specialization in the agricultural sector. Objective: To analyze the behavior of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis [Willd. ex A. Juss.] Müll. Arg.) production and identify specialized and competitive regions using regional analysis techniques. Materials and methods: Mexico’s states and municipalities were considered geographical units. The methods of analysis were the location quotient, Shift-Share, specialization and competitiveness. The value of natural rubber crop production, in the period 1980-2016, was used as an analysis variable. The information was obtained from the Agrifood and Fisheries Information Service. Results and discussion: Results show increased natural rubber production and reconfiguration of its specialization. Tabasco is the most specialized state and Veracruz, Chiapas and Tabasco have competitive advantages; however, the states with the greatest prospects for growth and being highly specialized and competitive are Oaxaca and Tabasco. The specialization and competitiveness of natural rubber production is related to natural conditions, market demand and technological development. Conclusions: Oaxaca and Tabasco have prospects for specialization and competitiveness, so natural rubber production should be expanded to these regions that in theory should be the most productive and with the lowest production costs. To exploit these advantages, it is necessary to promote a regional innovation system for the design and implementation of smart specialization strategies. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157468 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157382 [EN] Cuba is a paradigmatic case where the term and concept of the peasantry remains of lived importance. Cuban peasants had a significant role in the past as they did return to the political agenda after the Revolution with particular emphasis under Raul Castro’s administration. However, the Cuban case has not been significantly explored from a long-term perspective that connects the old debates and dimensions of land reforms under developmentalist states to the new agrarian questions in the global era. Based on secondary sources, semi-structured interviews and updated data on land structures, this article explores the long-term process of land reform in Cuba. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157382 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157381 [EN] Land reform has significantly evolved over time in Latin America. In the early decades of the 20th century, the ‘agrarian question’ involved different national paths of agrarian capitalism and their contributions to industrialization. Later in the century, agriculture played a secondary role, while market-led reforms were implemented from the early 1990s in the region. The agrarian question is now related to a new range of global and national inequalities, whereas the land problem remains unresolved. This paper deals with the role of the state and social dynamics in understanding the twists and turns of Latin America's land reforms from the 1900s to the Global Era. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157381 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157373 [EN] Cuban peasants had a significant role model in the past as they returned to the political agenda after the Revolution, and with particular emphasis during the Special Period, to confront the lack of food imports. The fall of Communism in the wider world forced Cuba to implement an alternative agriculture model that revolutionised production patterns and decentralised land structures and commercialisation. Did these changes create opportunities for small farmers during the 1990s and early 2000s? And if so, what kinds of opportunity were created? This article assesses the initial effects of re-peasantisation in terms of increasing small farmers’ incomes and significance in numbers, and their contribution to national food production (considering production and productivity levels), from 1990 to the end of Fidel Castro’s administration. [ES] Los campesinos cubanos tuvieron un importante rol en el pasado volviendo a la agenda política después de la Revolución, y con particular énfasis durante el Período Especial, para enfrentar la falta de importaciones de alimentos. La caída del comunismo obligó a Cuba a poner en práctica un modelo agrícola alternativo que revolucionó los patrones de producción y descentralizó las estructuras agrarias y la comercialización. ¿Crearon estos cambios oportunidades para los pequeños productores durante la década de 1990 y principios de los años 2000? Y si es así, ¿Qué tipo de oportunidades generaron? Este artículo evalúa los efectos iniciales de la recampesinización en términos de aumento de los ingresos e importancia numérica de los pequeños agricultores, así como su contribución a la producción nacional de alimentos (considerando los niveles de producción y productividad), desde 1990 hasta el final del gobierno de Fidel Castro. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157373 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157368 [EN] Productivity in agriculture tends to grow slower than in other sectors. This is a stylized fact that has resulted in a persistent productivity gap, generalized over time and across countries. This paper explores the evolution of this gap from an international perspective, identifying patterns in both developed and developing countries. Empirical regularities are discussed in the light of a literature review on the causes of the gap and its socioeconomic effects. Reflections on the nature of the productivity gap often merge with considerations on its social implications and on the policies that should be implemented to deal with it. We refer to this wider political economy issue as the ‘farm problem’, and argue that it has not been given a satisfactory solution, neither in rich nor in developing countries. Although in some industrialized countries the discharging of the countryside has acted as a major source of convergence, there has not been a general reduction in the productivity gap between agricultura and the rest of the economy worldwide, nor are there compelling reasons to assume that this will happen in the future. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157368 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157358 [ES] The ‘Special Period in Peacetime’ plunged Cuba into an austerity programme of great severity. The crisis forced agriculture to shift dramatically from a model based on trade dependency (sugar exports providing most of the foreign currency) to one prioritising food import substitution. This alternative brought about major transformations in the country’s agriculture. It revolutionised food production and decentralised land ownership. This article asks whether or not these changes reduced food dependency in Cuba. It provides an updated picture of Cuba’s food import dependency, with a particular emphasis on the increased role of small farmers in food production during the 2000s. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157358 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157356 [ES] Costa Rica provides an excellent example of the neoliberal approach to agricultural policy implemented during the last two decades in Latin America. In the early 1980s, Costa Rica shifted from limited promotion of import substitution industrialisation to export-led growth and non-traditional crops. This article presents important findings about the effects of outward-looking development policies since the 1990s on Costa Rica’s patterns of food production and land tenure. While trade liberalisation has diversified agriculture and increased the levels of export production, it has also had negative effects on food security. Mon, 01 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157356 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157353 [ES] Partiendo del concepto multidimensional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) establecido por la FAO, este artículoanaliza las políticas agrarias implementadas en Cuba, con especial relevancia desde la etapa liderada por Raúl Castro, y su impactoen la disponibilidad, acceso, estabilidad y utilización de los alimentos, utilizando la base de datos de la FAO (Food SecurityIndicators) para el período 1990-2015. Para completar el análisis y entender la relación entre determinadas dimensiones de la SAN,en particular la estabilidad y acceso, el estudio propone una quinta dimensión de autonomía alimentaria. Esta quinta dimensiónademás relaciona las SAN y la soberanía alimentaria en las condiciones especiales de Cuba. [EN] Considering FAO’s definition of multidimensional Food and Nutritional Security (FNS), this paper discusses agricultural policies implemented in Cuba during the Special Period.The article particularly focuses on those policies implemented by Raul Castro’s Administration and their impact on the different dimensions of FNS: accessibility, availability, utilisation and stability (Food Security indicators) from 1990 to 2015. The paper also proposes a fith dimension of FNS based on autonomy and food import substitution. This dimension is an attempt to relate food sovereignty and food security in the particular circumstances of Cuba Sat, 01 Dec 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157353 2018-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157351 [EN] Cuba represents a paradigmatic case where the peasantry is not an anachronism. The Cuban peasantry played a key role in the past and returned to the political agenda after the Revolution with special emphasis under the government of Raúl Castro (2008-18). However, the role of peasant women has not been significantly explored with a long-term vision that links post-revolutionary achievements from a gender perspective with the agrarian reform process initiated in 1959 and continuing today. Through secondary sources and a historical review of Cuba’s agrarian reform process, this article attempts to answer –from a qualitative perspective– the following questions: What role have women played in the celebrated process of agrarian reform and re-peasantisation in the past and present, and what are the real opportunities for peasant or landless women through the new Decree-Laws from 2008 to 2018? [ES] Cuba representa un caso paradigmático donde el campesinado no es un anacronismo. El campesino cubano jugó un papel clave en el pasado y volvió a la agenda política tras la Revolución, con especial énfasis bajo el gobierno de Raúl Castro (2008-2018). Sin embargo, el papel de las mujeres campesinas no ha sido explorado de manera significativa con una visión de largo plazo que vincule los logros posrevolucionarios desde una perspectiva de género, con el proceso de reforma agraria iniciado en 1959 y que continúa en la actualidad. A través de fuentes secundarias y de una revisión histórica del proceso de reforma agraria en la isla, este artículo intenta responder –con un enfoque cualitativo– a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué papel han jugado las mujeres en el célebre proceso de reforma agraria y recampesinización en el pasado y en el presente? ¿Cuáles son las oportunidades reales de las mujeres campesinas o sin tierra bajo los nuevos decretos-ley de entrega de tierras en usufructo de 2008 a 2018? Tue, 01 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157351 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157348 [EN] This article discusses Costa Rica’s policies and institutions created by the state to redistribute land during the 1960s and 1970s, when Latin American was implementing agrarian reforms. The paper also addresses the creation of the national parks system and forest conservation state policy supported by different scientific organisations during the same period. Within this context, this research seeks to explore the interface between the agrarian question (surrounding land and agrarian reform) and the ecological question (related to forest, national parks and conservation policies). The study examines how the transformations in land tenure and forest conservation have led to the structuring of a ‘new agrarian question’, which encompasses the concentration of land as well as the concentration of payments for environmental services. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157348 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157250 [ES] La doble crisis, política y económica, de los años setenta se dejó sentir en las relaciones franco-españolas, que desde finales de los años cincuenta habían avanzado por la vía del entendimiento. El proceso de cambio de régimen en España provocó sonados enfrentamientos entre ambos países, sobre todo en torno a la lucha contra la organización terrorista ETA y el futuro ingreso de España en el Mercado Común. Las relaciones económicas bilaterales evolucionaron, no obstante, de forma satisfactoria pese a la crisis política española y la crisis energética mundial, arrojando valores al alza en materia de comercio, planes de inversión y cooperación científico-técnica. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar tales desencuentros políticos y encuentros económicos, a partir de un conjunto de fuentes impresas y fondos de archivo, en su mayoría franceses, recientemente abiertos a los investigadores. [EN] French-Spanish relations, which had made considerable progress since the end of the Fifties, were affected by the political and economic crisis of the Seventies. The process of regime change in Spain caused notorious confrontations between the two countries, mainly focused on the fight against the terrorist organization ETA and the Spain's future membership in the Common Market. However, bilateral economic relations evolved in a satisfactory way despite both the Spanish political and the worldwide energy crisis, providing growing numbers in trade, investment plans and scientifictechnical cooperation. The aim of this paper is to explore such political disconnections and economic connections, from a set of printed sources. and archival records, mostly French, recently opened to researchers. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157250 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157248 [EN] In this article, we study the behavior of French technical consulting firms in the Spain of the Planning (1959–1976), when the Spanish market increased its competitiveness as a result of the liberalization and modernization of its economy. For this purpose, the main players—both the French and their Spanish partners—have been identified, and the strategies, models, and sectors in which the French technical consultancies specialized in Spain have been analyzed. Our research reveals that French firms mainly operated via technical assistance contracts when providing services to the classical sectors of French investment in Spain between the first and the second industrial revolutions. These sectors include mining, railroads, iron and steel, chemicals, and electricity. The French role in these activities was based on their experience and knowledge of the market, in turn resulting from their historical presence in the neighboring country. The article is also useful to assist the available literature regarding business consultancy in the conceptualization of how management knowledge is transferred from one country to another. Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157248 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157246 [ES] Numerosos representantes de la política y la economía francesas dejaron testimonio, a lo largo del franquismo, de su preferencia por Cataluña frente a otras regiones españolas. ¿Cómo se materializaron estas declaraciones en el ámbito de las relaciones económicas? ¿Se registraron más intercambios entre Francia y Cataluña que entre Francia y España? ¿Hubo diferencias cualitativas en materia de comercio, inversión, tecnología, turismo o emigración? ¿Se utilizaron las mismas estrategias en Barcelona que en Madrid? ¿Coincidieron, al menos en parte, los socios comerciales y financieros? ¿El gobierno y los empresarios franceses resultaron, de alguna forma, condicionados por las reivindicaciones autonomistas de Cataluña? Estas son las cuestiones que intentamos resolver en este trabajo, a partir de una selección de fuentes de muy diversa procedencia geográfica y sectorial. [EN] During the Francoist period, many representatives of the French political and economic milieu underlined the big differences that, in their view, separated Catalonia from the rest of Spain. Did these perceptions have real consequences in the field of economic relations? We are particularly interested in testing if France had more intense or somehow specific relations —in the spheres of technology, investment, trade, tourism and migration— with Catalonia than with Spain as a whole. We examine also if the French agents used the same strategies towards Madrid and Barcelona, if they shared trading and financial partners and if the Catalan demands for autonomy affected the French attitude. In attempting to answer these questions, we will base on a great geographical and sectoral variety of sources. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157246 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157212 [ES] Los Pactos de 1953 convirtieron a Estados Unidos en el gran socio militar de España, pero también alentaron el interés del Gobierno y las empresas francesas por participar en el proceso de modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas. Así, desde los años cincuenta, franceses y españoles iniciaron una dinámica de intercambios que llevó a la conclusión de varios acuerdos de cooperación militar y venta de armas, sobre todo a partir de 1970. Para competir con Estados Unidos y otras potencias europeas (fundamentalmente Alemania Occidental), Francia fomentó la co-fabricación del armamento, otorgando a la parte española un protagonismo creciente en los procesos de producción, y además permitió, y hasta promovió, la exportación a Francia y a terceros países. Este texto examina esa contribución de Francia al proceso de modernización militar emprendido en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Tras un balance de los principales acuerdos y logros bilaterales, se centra en el estudio de uno de los capítulos más destacados en los que se materializó la asistencia francesa: el suministro de aviones Mirage y el adiestramiento de pilotos y técnicos para su manejo y mantenimiento. [EN] The Pacts of 1953 transformed the United States into Spain’s principal military partner. Never-the-less, they also stimulated the in-terest of the French government and companies to participate in the process of modernisation of the Spanish Armed Forces. Thus, from the 1950s onwards, the French and the Spanish initiated a series of ex-changes that eventually led to the signing of several military coopera-tion and arms sales agreements beginning in 1970. In order to com-pete with the United States and other European powers (particularly West Germany), France encouraged the joint-production of weaponry. France not only gave Spain a growing role in production, but it also encouraged and promoted exports to France and to other countries. This article examines the French contribution to the process of mi-litary modernization in Spain during the second half of the twentieth century. After a summary of the main bilateral agreements and achieve-ments, it focuses on the study of one of the most relevant episodes of the materialization of French assistance: the sale of Mirage jets, and the training of Spanish pilots and technicians needed for their operation. Tue, 01 Jan 2019 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157212 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157210 [en]We analysed the process of construction and connection to the electrical grid of four Spanish nuclear power plants with different financial and technological foreign partners: those of Zorita (PWR by Westinghouse), Garoña (BWR by General Electric) and Vandellós I (GCR by EDF) (belonging to the first generation of atomic plants and producing electricity from 1969–72) and that of Trillo I (PWR by KWU, connected in 1988). These four examples allow us to observe how the learning curve of nuclear engineering and the acquisition of skills by Spanish companies evolved. Progressively the domestic industry achieved higher levels of participation, fostered by the Ministry of Industry and Energy. When the atomic plants under construction were paralysed by the nuclear moratorium of 1984, and several other projects were abandoned by the utilities along the way, Spain had developed an industrial sector around the fabrication of service components and engineering for nuclear power plants to compete internationally. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157210 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z