Saline slag waste as an aluminum source for the synthesis of Zn–Al–Fe–Ti layered double-hydroxides as catalysts for the photodegradation of emerging contaminants

Abstract

In this work, aluminum extracted from saline slag waste is valorized to create a layered double-hydroxide series containing zinc and various proportions of aluminum/titanium. Materials were synthesized by the co-precipitation method with an Me2+/Me3+ molar ratio of 3:1 and tested for the removal of diclofenac and salicylic acid from water under UV radiation. The incorporation of 5 wt% iron by wet impregnation is evaluated. In addition, another series of zinc, aluminum/iron materials with and without 5 wt% impregnated titanium are tested as catalysts for comparison. Structural characterization and comparison of the two series was performed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) measurements. The uncalcinated samples had a typical hydrotalcite structure with a high crystallinity; the presence of ZnO, ZnFe2O4 or Fe3O4 was found after calcination. The specific surface areas of the dried samples ranged from 78 to 199 m2/g, being highest for Zn6Al0.5Ti1.5. Overall, the results showed that the ZnAlTi series were more effective catalysts than ZnAlFe for photodegradation of the emerging contaminants diclofenac and salicylic acid, under UV light at 298 K, considering two concentrations of the organic molecules (5 and 50 μmol/dm3)