Milk Quality and Carbon Footprint Indicators of Dairy Sheep Farms Depend on Grazing Level and Identify the Different Management Systems

Abstract

[ES] Para evaluar el efecto del nivel de pastoreo sobre la calidad de la leche y sobre indicadores relacionados con la huella de carbono de las explotaciones de ovino lechero, se realizó durante un año una recogida mensual de datos en 17 explotaciones de Castilla y León (España). Estos datos se analizaron mediante un procedimiento estadístico multivariante que permitió asociar los indicadores mencionados con el nivel de pastoreo e identificar el sistema de manejo de las explotaciones. Se observó que las explotaciones con mayores niveles de pastoreo eran más sostenibles desde el punto de vista ambiental, ya que presentaron emisiones indirectas de gases y consumo energético mucho menores. La calidad de la leche de estas explotaciones fue superior en términos de proteína total, grasa, ácidos grasos omega‑3, ácido linoleico conjugado y niveles de α‑tocoferol.

[EN] Currently, there are very few studies in the dairy sheep sector associating milk quality and indicators regarding carbon footprint and their link to grazing levels. For 1 year, monthly milk samples and records related to environmental emissions and management systems were collected through surveys from 17 dairy sheep farms in the region of Castilla y León (Spain), in order to relate this information to the use of natural pastures under free grazing. Indicators were constructed on the collected data and subjected to a multivariate statistical procedure that involved a factor analysis, a cluster analysis and a population canonical analysis. By applying multivariate statistical techniques on milk quality and carbon footprint indicators, it was possible to identify the management system of the farms. From an environmental point of view, farms with a higher grazing level (cluster 4) were more sustainable, as they had the lowest carbon footprint (lower CO2, N2O and CO2 equivalent emissions per sheep and year) and the lowest energy consumption levels, which were gradually lower than those of farms in cluster 3; both indicators were much lower than those of farms in clusters 1 and 2. The milk quality of cluster 1 and 2 farms was significantly lower in terms of total protein and fat content, dry extract, omega-3 fatty acid levels and α-tocopherol content than farms in clusters 3 and 4, which had higher accessibility to grazing resources. In sum, the higher the use of natural resources, the lower the external inputs the farms required and the lower environmental impact and energy costs they have.