DPSA. Artículos del Departamento de Psicología Social y Antropología
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/4323
2024-03-28T12:36:30ZEl error judicial en el uso de la prisión preventiva: Personas en prisión que nunca llegan a ser condenadas.
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156739
[ES]Las prisiones españolas acogían en 2014 a más de 8000 personas en situación de prisión preventiva. A tenor de los antecedentes, muchos de ellos serán absueltos tras la instrucción, y habrán sufrido una pena de prisión siendo inocentes. Este trabajo analiza casos en los que el Estado, en aras de la seguridad ciudadana, priva de libertad a inocentes. El propósito último de este estudio es analizar la posible presencia de sesgos o heurísticos judiciales en la toma de decisiones. Para ello, se han analizado sistemáticamente 70 sentencias indemnizatorias y 136 condenatorias tras prisión preventiva. Los resultados mostraron que no existían diferencias significativas en la edad, el sexo, la nacionalidad, o los antecedentes penales de los absueltos y los condenados. Sin embargo, sí se observaron diferencias en el tipo de delito. Los delitos graves (homicidios o agresiones sexuales), han sido significativamente más frecuentes en los inocentes finalmente indemnizados, mientras que los penados han sido condenados por delitos menos graves (robos o delitos contra la seguridad vial). Finalmente, se discute la necesidad de realizar investigaciones con suficiente validez ecológica que permitan estudiar las condenas erróneas tanto en general como en la aplicación de prisión preventiva.
[ENG]Judicial error in preventive prison: People in prison who will never be convicted. Spanish correctional institutions admitted in 2014 more
than 8000 people in pretrial detention. Some of them will be absolved after an inquiry and they will be found innocent having spent time
in prison. The present study examines cases in which the State, in the interest of public safety, deprives innocent people of freedom. The
ultimate purpose of this study is to analyze the possible presence of bias or judicial heuristics in decision-making. To this end, 70 sentences
later compensated for wrongful detention and 136 convictions after pretrial detention have been systematically analyzed. The results
showed that there were no significant differences in the age, the sex, the nationality, or the criminal records of the innocent and convicts.
Nevertheless, differences in the type of crime have been observed. Serious crimes (murder or sexual assault) have been significantly more
frequent in compensatory judgments, while the prisoners have been convicted of minor offenses (theft or crimes against road safety).
Finally, we discuss the need to conduct research that is generalizable to a target ecology. This will allow study of wrongful convictions both
in general and in the application of undue pretrial detention.
2017-01-01T00:00:00ZEl engaño en contextos judiciales
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156499
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZThe young male driving problem: Relationship between Safe Driving Climate among Friends, Peer Pressure and Driving Styles
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156497
[EN]Young people are almost twice as likely to die in traffic crashes than are middle aged people (ages 40 to 60). It remains crucial to assess what factors catalyse young people’s non-adaptive driving behaviours. In this study, we adapted the SDCaF (Safe Driving Climate among Friends) and RPI (Resistance to Peer Influence) scales to the driving context in Spain, and measured their relationship with the Driving Styles (DS) of young Spanish drivers (using the Spanish version of the Multidimensional Driving Styles Inventory, MDSI). A sample of young Spanish drivers (n = 459; age 18–25) completed an online questionnaire comprised of the Spanish versions of the SDCaF, RPI and MDSI scales, sociodemographic variables, driving habits and history. Evidence of the factorial structure of the Spanish version of the SDCaF scale coincides with those of the original version: the tetra-factorial model of the SDCaF scale obtained adequate values for the adjustment indices of the 4 factors; 2 are maladaptive (Peer pressure and Cost of driving with others) and 2 adaptive (Communication on traffic issues and Commitment to safe driving). The estimated reliability of the SDCaF scale reached acceptable values above (α ordinal greater than 0.80) except for the Communication factor (α = 0.76). Furthermore, evidence of the structure of the Spanish version of the RPI scale coincides with that of the original version, unifactorial model. The estimated reliability of the RPI scale reached acceptable values (α ordinal = 0.81). Most of the SDCaF’s relationships with RPI and MDSI measures were as theoretically expected. The MDSI’s maladaptive DS (Reckless, Aggressive and Distracted) correlated positively with the SDCaF’s factors of Peer Pressure and Cost for driving with friends. The opposite occurred for the MDSI’s adaptive DS (Careful and Stress Reduction). SDCaF Pressure and Cost factors correlated
negatively with Resistance to Peer Pressure, whereas SDCaF Communication and Commitment factors correlated positively. We found clear differences by sex: Scores were higher on the Pressure factor when the driver was a man, when the passengers were men and when driving to a party. On the other hand, the scores were higher in the Communication and Commitment factors
when the driver was a woman, the passengers were women and when driving somewhere other than a party. In conclusion, we obtained quality translated instruments and provided support for their connection with maladaptive driving to evaluate the reckless driving of young people.
2023-09-16T00:00:00ZMotorcycle rider error and engagement in distracting activities: A study using the Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale (ARDES-M)
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156496
[EN]Research on motorcycle rider distraction and inattention is limited, especially when compared to that on car drivers. This study examines motorcycle rider error and its relationship with engagement in distracting activities. Additionally, it provides an adaptation of the Attention-Related Driving Errors Scale for use with motorcycle riders (ARDES-M). A sample of 418 motorcyclists responded to a web questionnaire consisting of the ARDES-M, a self-report measure of Involvement in Distracting Activities (IDA), a measure of everyday inattention (ARCES, Attention Related Cognitive Errors Scale) and socio-demographic and riding-related questions. Riding errors were associated with a higher level of engagement in distracting activities and a greater propensity for inattention in daily life. ARDES-M scores were associated with various types of self-reported traffic crashes and nearcrashes, while self-reported distractions (IDA) were only linked with near-crashes. The most widely self-reported distracting activities were using map navigation, listening to the radio or to music and adjusting vehicle devices. The various uses of cell phones were relatively minor. Young riders reported higher levels of engagement in distracting activities and committing more riding errors. The ARDES-M showed good psychometric properties for the sample in Spain.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZEl pasado incómodo de Matadero Madrid: espacio de represión de la mendicidad en la posguerra
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/155593
Nada hace sospechar en la visita física o virtual a Matadero Madrid. Centro de Creación Contemporánea, que en algunas de sus naves se recluyó a la población mendiga de Madrid en la inmediata posguerra. El Parque de Mendigos de Matadero configuró un dispositivo más en el ejercicio de la represión de la mendicidad, traspasado por un régimen totalitario que identificaba la miseria material con la miseria moral. En el duro invierno de 1941, tras la orden del Gobernador Civil Primo de Rivera de retirar a todos los mendigos de las calles de la capital, cientos de ellos acabaron pereciendo de hambre y frío en las naves del Matadero. Quienes sobrevivían fueron distribuidos según su perfil: los varones sanos, destinados a una Colonia Agrícola en Boadilla del Monte; de las mujeres jóvenes se hizo cargo el Patronato de Protección a la Mujer; y de los niños, Auxilio Social. La desmemoria de este espacio patrimonial emblemático de Madrid nos interpela para ofrecer esta aportación desde una mirada etnográfica, a través de la lectura con lente antropológica de prensa y documentación de archivo. Este análisis pretende acercarse a la experiencia del tratamiento hacia una capa de población categorizada como mendiga, que, si bien ha sido históricamente estigmatizada, configuró un fragmento de víctimas especialmente vulnerables durante el período franquista, y con el tiempo, completamente olvidadas.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZDónde la ciudad cambia su nombre: periferia urbana en Vallecas 60 años después
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/155574
Se aporta una reflexión sobre la construcción histórica de las periferias madrileñas, en este caso Vallecas, poniendo de relieve cómo la articulación de la desigualdad y la exclusión ha sido una constante durante décadas
2017-01-01T00:00:00ZNuevo contexto, nuevas maneras, mismos principios. Solidaridad vecinal en tiempo de pandemia: dinámicas en el barrio de Vallecas
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/155570
[ES] El impacto de la COVID-19 a partir de marzo 2020 ha marcado un nuevo escenario en las
dinámicas de sociabilidad de los barrios. El confinamiento y sus efectos a todos los niveles
supuso un revulsivo en la configuración de nuevas iniciativas de solidaridad y participación
vecinal, acordes a las circunstancias acaecidas. Este artículo, basado en los resultados de una
aproximación etnográfica articulado con la perspectiva histórica, analizará el contexto de
Vallecas, donde estas iniciativas son una nueva “huella” en su trayectoria de experiencias de
ayuda mutua y movilización vecinal, potenciadas en momentos de crisis, que han fraguado una
memoria de barrio “hecho a sí mismo”.
[EN] The impact of COVID-19 as of March 2020 has marked a new scenario in the dynamics of sociability in neighborhoods. The confinement and its effects at all levels was a shock in the configuration of new initiatives of solidarity and neighborhood participation, according to the circumstances that occurred. This article, based on the results of an ethnographic approach articulated with the historical perspective, will analyze the context of Vallecas, where these initiatives are a new "trace" in its trajectory of experiences of mutual aid and neighborhood mobilization, enhanced in times of crisis, that have forged a neighborhood memory “selfmade”.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZUna aproximación a los juegos de azar en adolescentes y jóvenes que migran solos
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/155515
[ES] Los juegos de azar se están volviendo muy populares entre los jóvenes. Sin embargo, no hay
ningún estudio que se centre en explorar el juego en los menores y jóvenes que migran solos.
Aquí ofrecemos un estudio preliminar sobre la relación de esta población con el juego. Se ha
realizado una investigación basada en un grupo focal y entrevistas en profundidad realizadas
tanto a jóvenes, como a educadores de centros de menores y profesionales que trabajan con
ellos en Bizkaia. Los datos obtenidos permiten plantear, en primer lugar, cómo el juego y los
establecimientos de juego complementan el ocio de estos jóvenes. En segundo lugar, el papel
de la familia de origen como elemento presente y ambivalente en la relación de estos jóvenes
con el juego. Y, por último, la alerta de los expertos sobre los efectos derivados del juego problemático,
y las dificultades en la intervención con este perfil de población.
[EN] Gambling is becoming very popular with young people. However, there is no study that focuseson exploring play in minors and young people who migrate alone. Here we offer a preliminarystudy on the relationship of this population with gambling. An investigation has been carriedout based on a focus group and in-depth interviews carried out both with young people, as well aswith educators from centers for minors and professionals who work with them in Bizkaia. Thedata obtained allow us to propose, in the first place, how gambling and gambling establishmentscomplement the leisure of these young people. Second, the role of the family of origin as a presentand ambivalent element in the relationship of these young people with the game. And finally,the experts' alert about the effects derived from problematic gambling, and the difficulties inintervention with this population profile.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZEl Censo de Infraviviendas de Madrid: fichas, fotografías y control de la población chabolista madrileña durante la etapa franquista
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/155513
[ES] El Censo de Infraviviendas elaborado por la Comisaría de Ordenación Urbana de Madrid y sus alrededores (COUMA) durante las décadas de los 50 y 60 del pasado siglo, configura un archivo material privilegiado para analizar uno de los fenómenos que más preocupó al Régimen franquista desde la posguerra: el crecimiento fuera de su control de las periferias urbanas. La llegada de familias trabajadoras emigrantes, fue ensanchando el extrarradio madrileño con el aumento de miles de chabolas autoconstruidas. Este artículo tiene como base un trabajo de campo antropológico en Vallecas, que ha incluido una lectura de carácter etnográfico de documentación de este período, en especial el Censo de Infraviviendas. Este archivo, prácticamente inédito, está compuesto por miles de fichas, que recogen información de cada una de las familias que habitaban las periferias, junto a la fotografía de las mismas a la puerta de sus chabolas. A lo largo del presente trabajo, se analiza la configuración de las fichas como prueba material de la presencia de la población chabolista, constituyendo un “campo documental” que formaba parte de la política de control y vigilancia a la que estaba sometida dicha población. Incluimos testimonios de vecinas vallecanas que vivieron este proceso, centrándonos a través de la técnica de photo-elicitation en uno de ellos. El análisis del Censo de Infraviviendas, mecanismo desde el que la COUMA ejercía el control y “prueba material” de esta época, pues las chabolas fueron derribadas, permite la reconstrucción de la experiencia de una población invisibilizada: la población chabolista madrileña en la etapa franquista.
[ENG] The Census of Infra-housing elaborated by the Comisaría de Ordenación Urbana de Madrid and its Environs (COUMA) during the decades of the 50s and 60s of the last century, configures a privileged material archive to analyze one of the phenomena that most worried the Franco regime since the postwar period: the growth beyond its control of the urban peripheries. The arrival of migrant working families expanded the Madrid suburbs with the increase of thousands of self-built shacks. This article is based on an anthropological fieldwork in Vallecas, which has included an ethnographic reading of documentation from this period, especially the Census of Sub-housing. This file, practically unpublished, is made up of thousands of files, which collect information on each of the families that inhabited the outskirts, along with a photograph of them at the door of their shacks. Throughout this work, the configuration of the files is analyzed as “material evidence” of the presence of the shanty town, constituting a “documentary field” that was part of the control and surveillance policy to which said population was subjected. . We include testimonies from neighboring Vallecanoes who lived through this process, focusing on one of them through the photo-elicitation technique. The analysis of the Census of Infra-housing, a mechanism from which the COUMA exercised control and “material evidence” of this time, since the shacks were demolished, allows the reconstruction of the experience of an invisible population: the shanty town of Madrid in the Franco era.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZCaracterísticas de la violencia sexual en grupo hacia personas con discapacidad intelectual en España: un estudio jurisprudencial
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/154438
[ES]Durante décadas, la violencia sexual que involucra a personas vulnerables se ha convertido en un tema de gran importancia social. Así mismo, las personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) no son ajenas a la victimización de la violencia sexual. Los estudios efectuados sobre violencia sexual hacia personas con DI se han centrado en analizar la victimización cuando el agresor es uno solo y no se tiene conocimiento de la existencia de estudios que traten la violencia sexual cometida por la actuación de varios sujetos de manera grupal. Conocer las características de este tipo de violencia sexual es crucial para poder proteger a las personas con DI y poder prevenir estos delitos. Este artículo analiza las características de los sucesos de violencia sexual cometidos en grupo mediante un análisis descriptivo de las resoluciones judiciales en los últimos años en nuestro país. Se han encontrado 18 sentencias donde aparecen 47 autores, la mayoría hombres, y 18 víctimas. Los resultados del estudio permiten evidenciar la vulnerabilidad de las personas con DI y la necesidad de investigar este tipo de sucesos para intentar prevenir su victimización. [EN]For decades, sexual violence involving vulnerable people has become an
issue of great social importance. Likewise, people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are
no strangers to sexual violence victimization. The studies carried out on sexual violence
against people with ID have focused on analyzing victimization when the aggressor
is only one and there is no knowledge of the existence of studies that deal with sexual
violence committed by the actions of several subjects in a group. Knowing the characteristics of this type of sexual violence is crucial to protect people with ID and to prevent
these crimes. This article analyzes the characteristics of group sexual offences by means
of a descriptive analysis of court decisions in recent years in our country. Eighteen sentences were found in which 47 perpetrators appeared, most of them men, and 18 victims.
The results of the study show the vulnerability of people with ID and the need to investigate this type of events in order to try to prevent their victimization.
2022-09-21T00:00:00ZCaracterísticas de la co-delincuencia sexual femenina vs. las delincuentes sexuales en solitario
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/154437
[ES]La participación de las mujeres en la delincuencia sexual ha tenido un escaso seguimiento por
parte de las investigaciones. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones que
han comparado la delincuencia sexual femenina en solitario frente a las mujeres que participan
en grupo. Se encontraron 10 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los
resultados muestran que las mujeres participan del comportamiento co-delictivo en una mayor
proporción que de manera individual. Así mismo, la actividad delictiva sexual de las mujeres suele
implicar, con una mayor frecuencia, a otros delincuentes, que suelen ser hombres y, en la mayoría
de las ocasiones, son su pareja sentimental. Las mujeres que actúan en solitario suelen atacar a
víctimas masculinas con las que no tienen relación, mientras que las que actúan en co-delincuencia
actúan, sobre todo, contra sus hijos o contra menores que están a su cargo.
2022-05-06T00:00:00ZThe Reality of Tonic Immobility in Victims of Sexual Violence: “I was Paralyzed, I Couldn’t Move”
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/154402
[EN]Tonic immobility (TI) is a state of temporary, involuntary motor inhibition that occurs in states of intense fear and has been studied among victims of sexual violence. Studies on TI are scarce and mainly focus on rape victims. The present study is a literature review of research that has examined TI in women victims of sexual violence. A database search was carried out using the Preferred data elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method. In order to be included in the analysis, the manuscripts had to deal exclusively with research involving samples of subjects and the study analyzed TI in victims of sexual violence. In all, 11 manuscripts met the above criteria and were included in the review. Research describes that TI is characterized by two factors: fear and immobility. Quantitative research was conclusive in affirming the presence of a state of paralysis and fear in TI. The immobility factor is the determining factor in explaining the victim’s lack of defense or resistance and causes effects such as trembling, physical and mental paralysis, inability to vocalize, and eye closure. In addition, TI has been correlated with long-term negative clinical manifestations as victims are more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. These findings contribute to an understanding of TI in victims of sexual violence. Therefore, legal and care practitioners must be able to recognize TI to understand the victim’s behavior, differentiate it from consent, and to be able to assist in their recovery.
2023-08-09T00:00:00ZSeveral Reasons Why You Should Not Use the Behavior Analysis Interview
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/153867
The Behavior Analysis Interview (BAI) is part of the Reid Technique of interviewing and interrogation, widely used by law enforcement to distinguish between innocent and guilty individuals. The BAI is based on a set of behavior-provoking questions designed to elicit different reactions from guilty and innocent individuals. However, its effectiveness and methodology have been questioned, with some studies suggesting that it reinforces common stereotypes about deceptive behavior, rather than being scientifically grounded. Moreover, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of the BAI, particularly when it comes to juveniles, who are less capable of manipulating their responses during the interview.
2023-05-31T00:00:00Z“It wasn't me, check the cameras!” Suspects' apparent verifiable responses might not indicate innocence
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/153799
The verifiability of a suspect's alibi is often interpreted as a sign of innocence. Because the police resources are limited, verifiability could be used to dismiss suspects of minor offenses. We examined whether alibi verifiability actually indicates innocence for minor crimes. In Experiment 1, participants imagined they were guilty or innocent suspects of minor crimes and selected a response to convince the police of their innocence. Compared to innocent suspects, guilty suspects were more likely to select pseudo-verifiable responses (which seemed verifiable but were not) rather than non-verifiable responses. Experiment 2 revealed that pseudo-verifiable responses increased observers' perceptions of innocence (rather than guilt). Experiment 3 suggested that people infer the police will not verify alibis of minor crimes, which may lead people to invent pseudo-verifiable responses. These results indicate that apparent verifiability does not necessarily indicate innocence. The police should systematically test alternative hypotheses whenever they encounter apparent verifiable responses.
2023-11-30T00:00:00ZMillennia of legal content criteria of lies and truths: wisdom or common-sense folly?
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/153162
[EN]Long before experimental psychology, religious writers, orators, and playwrights described examples of lie detection based on the verbal content of statements. Legal scholars collected evidence from individual cases and systematized them as “rules of evidence”. Some of these resemble content cues used in contemporary research, while others point to working hypotheses worth exploring. To examine their potential validity, we re-analyzed data from a quasi-experimental study of 95 perjury cases. The outcomes support the fruitfulness of this approach. Travelling back in time searching for testable ideas about content cues to truth and deception may be worthwhile.
2023-09-01T00:00:00ZPolice Interviewing in Spain: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs
http://hdl.handle.net/10366/152071
[EN]Over the past decades, psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects’ confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces’ practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators’ practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects’ use of their right to remain silent, investigators’ self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators’ knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces.; [ES]Durante décadas, la ciencia psicológica ha acumulado numerosos conocimientos sobre entrevistas policiales, detección de mentiras y confesiones. Sin embargo, se desconoce si las prácticas y creencias de las fuerzas policiales europeas coinciden con las recomendaciones derivadas de esta investigación. Este estudio forma parte de una investigación más amplia que examina las prácticas y creencias de investigadores policiales en Europa. Administramos un cuestionario online a guardias civiles (n = 89) y policías nacionales (n = 126) de la policía judicial. En el cuestionario se preguntaba por la duración, frecuencia y grabación de las entrevistas, la invocación del derecho a guardar silencio por parte de los sospechosos, la capacidad autoinformada de los policías para diferenciar entre verdades y mentiras, la frecuencia de confesiones (falsas) y el empleo de tácticas concretas de entrevista. Los resultados ofrecen información sobre los conocimientos y prácticas de los investigadores, destacan sus necesidades y permiten comparar las fuerzas policiales europeas y norteamericanas.
2023-02-01T00:00:00Z