2026-09-16T17:21:10Zhttps://gredos.usal.es/oai/request

oai:gredos.usal.es:10366/1565932025-04-30T20:42:28Zcom_10366_156525com_10366_4512com_10366_3823col_10366_156526

New cut‑off points of PHQ‑9 and its variants, in Costa Rica: a nationwide observational study González Sánchez, Armando Ortega-Moreno, Raúl Villegas Barahona, Greibin Carazo-Vargas, Eva Arias‑LeClaire, Harold Vicente Galindo, María Purificación [ENG]The PHQ-9 questionnaire is a screening test worldwide used to measure depression. But it cannot be used in Costa Rica, due to the fact that it has not previously been validated for its population. The present study aims to show the validation of the PHQ-9 questionnaire and its variants (PHQ-2, PHQ- 4, PHQ-8) in a population sample of adults residing in Costa Rica. A sample was collected (n = 1162) using a self-administered questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, and Multiple Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) were tested. One factor was found that explained 73.33% of the variance with excellent internal consistency (α = 0.928). Goodness-of-fit measures were adequate (RMSEA = 0.107; CFI = 0.948), as was diagnostic power at a cut-off of 10 (78.60 for Sensitivity and 27.95 for 1-Specificity). External validation indices were good (r = 0.843 with GAD-7, r = − 0.647 with RS14, and r = 0.301 with FCV19S), and the model showed invariance by sex (Δχ2 = 27.90; df = 27; p < 0.001). Additionally, new cut-off points were proposed for PHQ-9 and its variants for Costa Rican male, female, and general populations. The PHQ-9 and its variants (PHQ-2, 4, and 8) are valid tools for detecting depression (and anxiety for PHQ-4) in Costa Rican population. In addition, new cut-off points differentiated by sex are proposed. 2024-03-13T16:04:08Z 2024-03-13T16:04:08Z 2024-03-13T16:04:08Z 2023 info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2045-2322 http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156593 10.1038/s41598-023-41560-0 eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional Nature Research