TY  - JOUR 
AU  - León, Jaime
AU  - Martínez Abad, Fernando
PY  - 2025
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169896
AB  - [EN]Background Grade retention is an educational aspect that concerns teachers, families, and experts. It implies an economic cost for families, as well as a personal cost for the student, who is forced to study one more year. The objective of the...
LA  - eng
PB  - Springer Nature
KW  - Causal inference
KW  - Performance
KW  - PSM
KW  - PISA
KW  - Propensity score matching
KW  - Grade retention
KW  - Secondary education
TI  - The effect of grade retention on performance in Spanish students: a propensity score matching approach
DO  - 10.1186/s40536-025-00243-0
T2  - Large-scale Assessments in Education
VL  - 13
M2  - 1
ER  -