http://hdl.handle.net/10366/4624 2026-05-06T20:43:24Z 2026-05-06T20:43:24Z Fuentes, Joaquin Basurko, Ane Isasa, Irma Galende, Isabel Muguerza, María Dolores García-Primo, Patricia García, Jesús Fernández-Álvarez, Clara J. Canal-Bedia, Ricardo Posada de la Paz, Manuel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169339 2026-01-28T01:00:51Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN] The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) was studied in children in the County of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain) as part of the European Union’s Autism Spectrum Disorder in Europe project (ASDEU–https://asdeu.eu). To iden-tify cases in a total community sample of 7- to 9-year-old pupils (N = 14,734), a multistage approach was adopted: in the first stage, a teacher nomination (TN) form was completed by school teachers; and in the second stage, all families with a child nominated by their teachers were invited to complete the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). A total of 108 (59%) schools participated fully, yielding a final sample of 9177 of 14.734 (61.9%) pupils. A total of 212 (2.3%) children were nominated via the TN form, and of these, 105 (49.5%) returned the completed SCQ. Twenty-five (23.8%) cases with SCQ scores ≥ 15 were invited to undergo a free clinical assessment, and 10 (40%) new cases of ASD were identified. The prevalence estimate included the 55 cases already being supported by the Gipuzkoa’s only ASD association, the Gipuzkoa Autism Society (Asociación Guipuzcoana de Autismo/GAUTENA)), as well as the 10 new subjects identified by the ASDEU field diagnostic process. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate new potential ASD cases among the non-participant schools, leading to a final figure of 87 cases of ASD in this age-bracket at the date of the study. This global probabilistic estimate, including non-participating schools, would thus provide a population prevalence of 0.59% (95% CI 0.48–0.73), a result lower than those reported by some other studies. Attrition rates in cross-sectional studies are challenging and support the need for developing longitudinal ASD incidence surveillance study areas (ASD observatories)

2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Paniagua Martín, Diego Calvo Álvarez, María Isabel González Santamaría, Virginia http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168947 2026-01-20T01:02:11Z 2022-09-23T00:00:00Z

[ES]Diferentes estudios en el ámbito de la comprensión lectora señalan que el vocabulario oral de una lengua, definido por dos variables, amplitud y profundidad, es uno de los factores que más contribuye a esta destreza en lectores típicos; siendo la profundidad, relacionada con la extensión de las representaciones semánticas subyacentes a los conceptos, más influyente que la amplitud, referida a la cantidad de palabras que una persona es capaz de reconocer. Estudios previos muestran las dificultades que el alumnado con sordera presenta en la realización de asociaciones entre palabras, en el establecimiento de relaciones entre significados o en el uso de sinónimos; todas ellas derivadas, principalmente, del déficit lingüístico primario que presentan. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido doble: por un lado, analizar los resultados de aquellas investigaciones que evalúan el rol del vocabulario profundo en la comprensión lectora del alumnado con sordera y, por otro lado, argumentar qué influencia tiene dicha profundidad en esta destreza. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos (2010 – 2021). En la búsqueda inicial se identificaron 373 artículos y, una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión, 8 fueron los que cumplieron con los objetivos previamente definidos. Los resultados mostraron que el reconocimiento del vocabulario profundo en las investigaciones relacionadas con el desarrollo lector del alumnado con sordera podría desembocar en una mejor comprensión de su papel en las habilidades implicadas en dicho proceso. Por ello, es necesario ahondar teóricamente en su tratamiento y en sus implicaciones para la práctica educativa con estudiantes con sordera.

2022-09-23T00:00:00Z Mendez, Maria A. Oakley, Bethany Canitano, Roberto Tinelli, Michela Knapp, Martin Cusack, James Parellada, Mara Violland, Pierre Derk Plas, Jan R. Murphy, Declan G.M. Quoidbach, Vinciane Arango, Celso San Jose Cáceres, Antonia Canal Bedia, Ricardo Bejarano Martín, Álvaro arango http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168819 2026-03-16T09:25:56Z 2023-09-11T00:00:00Z

[EN] Background. Autism is a lifelong complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects brain development and behaviour with significant consequences for everyday life. Despite its personal, familial, and societal impact, Europe-wide harmonised guidelines are still lacking for early detection, diagnosis, and intervention, leading to an overall unsatisfactory autistic person and carer journey. Methods. The care pathway for autistic children and adolescents was analysed in Italy, Spain and the UK from the perspective of carers (using a survey aimed at caregivers of autistic children 0–18 years old), the autistic community, and professionals in order to identify major barriers (treatment gaps) preventing carers from receiving information, support, and timely screening/ diagnosis and intervention. Results. Across all three countries, analysis of the current care pathway showed: long waits from the time carers raised their first concerns about a child’s development and/or behaviour until screening and confirmed diagnosis; delayed or no access to intervention once a diagnosis was confirmed; limited information about autism and how to access early detection services; and deficient support for families throughout the journey. Conclusions. These findings call for policy harmonisation in Europe to shorten long wait times for diagnosis and intervention and therefore, improve autistic people and their families’ journey experience and quality of life.

2023-09-11T00:00:00Z Canu, Daniela Van der Paelt, Sara Canal Bedia, Ricardo Posada, Manuel Vanvuchelen, Marleen Roeyers, Herbert http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168774 2026-01-15T01:01:59Z 2020-02-22T00:00:00Z

[EN]We aimed at identifying early non-social behavioural indicators that predict later ASD. Likewise, we were interested in the moment in which non-social signs discriminate between children at elevated likelihood for ASD with a later diagnosis of ASD, and children at elevated likelihood for ASD with a typical developmental outcome. In addition, we intended to explore the developmental evolution of children’s symptomatology over time. A systematic literature search was conducted for longitudinal studies on early non-social behavioural indicators among siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD. The following databases were searched: PUBMED, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE. The study identification process was conducted by two reviewers independently. Compared to siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD with a typical developmental outcome, siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD with later ASD show impairments in attention disengagement, in gross and fine motor development and characteristic restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours, starting at 12 months of age. Moreover, early attention disengagement exerts a predictive role towards a later ASD diagnosis, given that from 12 months siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD who will receive an independent ASD diagnosis towards 24–36 months present marked difficulties in disengaging in comparison with siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD that will not satisfy the criteria for an ASD diagnosis. The findings call for a more comprehensive vision on early indicators of ASD. Further research is needed to extend results to other behavioural domains.

2020-02-22T00:00:00Z Guillon, Quentin Baduel, S Bejarano Martín, Álvaro Canal Bedia, Ricardo Magán Maganto, María Carmen Fernández-Álvarez, Clara J. Martín Cilleros, María Victoria Sánchez Gómez, María Cruz García Primo, Patricia Rose Sweeney, Mary Boilson, Andrew Linertová, Renata Roeyers, Herbert Van der Paelt, Sara Schendel, Diana Warberg, Christine Kloster Cramer, Susanne Narzisi, Antonio Muratori, Filippo Scattoni, María Luisa Moilanen, Irma Yliherva, Anneli Saemundsen, Evald Jónsdóttir, Sigrídur Lóa Efrim-Budisteanu, Magdalena Arghir, A Papuc, Sorina Mihaela Vicente, Astrid Rasga, Célia Xenia Kafka, Johanna Poustka, Luise Kothgassner, Oswald D. Kawa, Rafal Pisula, E Sellers, Tracey Posada de la Paz, Manuel Rogé, Bernadette http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168771 2026-01-15T01:01:24Z 2022-11-02T00:00:00Z

[EN]Satisfaction with the detection process of autism and its determinants was investigated using data from the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (2015–2018) network. A total of 1342 family members, including 1278 parents, completed an online survey collecting information about their experience and satisfaction with the early detection of autism in their child. Overall, the level of satisfaction varied considerably from one respondent to another. Difficulty in finding information about detection services, lack of professional guidance and support in response to first concerns, finding a diagnostic service on one’s own, and a delay of more than 4 months between the confirmation of concerns and the first appointment with a specialist were all experiences individually associated with greater odds of being less satisfied. Using a dominance analysis approach, we further identified professional guidance and support in response to first concerns as the most important predictor of the level of satisfaction. These findings highlight the aspects of the process that need to be improved to enhance the experience of the detection process and are therefore relevant to guide health administrations toward actions to be implemented to this effect.

2022-11-02T00:00:00Z Bejarano Martín, Álvaro Canal Bedia, Ricardo Magán Maganto, María Carmen Fernández-Álvarez, Clara J. Loa Jónsdóttir, Sigríður Saemundsen, Evald Vicente, Astrid Café, Catia Rasga, Célia García Primo, Patricia Posada, Manuel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168768 2026-03-16T09:32:49Z 2020-02-04T00:00:00Z

[EN]Focused intervention practices (FIPs) are widely used to improve social communication skills, as they are specifically aimed at enhancing skills identified as being problematic in children with autism spectrum disorder ASD, such as imitation, eye contact, gestures, joint attention and play. This meta-analysis was performed to ascertain the overall effectiveness of FIPs in children with ASD 6 years of age and younger. Five electronic searches were conducted, 1828 references were retrieved, and 43 studies 59 outcome measures were included in the meta-analysis. Studies included 785 participants 41.6 months with ASD. The overall socio-communicative effect size for each specific skill imitation, joint attention, and play was calculated using the Hedges’ g (g) for group design studies, and the Nonoverlap of All Pairs (NAP) for single case design studies. Random-effects metaregression models and correlations were also used to assess whether the results were different according to population and intervention characteristics. The impact of possible publication bias was analysed. The results suggest that, whereas FIPs have medium to large positive effects (g = 0.51; NAP = 0.86), those where caregivers or teachers play an active role (g= 0.50; NAP = 0.89) have medium effect sizes. All social and communicative skills outcomes of FIPs have medium effect sizes (Imitation: g = 0.42, NAP = 0.90; Joint attention: g = 0.54, NAP = 0.86; Play: g = 0.47, NAP = 0.81). Effect sizes were greater when participants’ preintervention ages were lower and treatment dosage was higher. When it comes to achieving substantial improvements, factors to be highlighted are the role of caregivers and adaptation of the programme to the characteristics of the child. Implementation of early intervention programmes should be substantiated by a sufficient amount of information about the characteristics of each participant. Professionals should take this information into account in order to select as accurately as possible those procedures that are most effective and feasible.

2020-02-04T00:00:00Z Bejarano Martín, Álvaro Canal Bedia, Ricardo Magán Maganto, María Carmen Fernández-Álvarez, Clara J. Martín Cilleros, María Victoria Sánchez Gómez, María Cruz García Primo, Patricia Rose Sweeney, Mary Boilson, Andrew Linertová, Renata Roeyers, Herbert Van der Paelt, Sara Schendel, Diana Warberg, Christine Kloster Cramer, Susanne Narzisi, Antonio Muratori, Filippo Scattoni, María Luisa Moilanen, Irma Yliherva, Anneli Saemundsen, Evald Loa Jónsdóttir, Sigríður Efrim-Budisteanu, Magdalena Arghir, Aurora Papuc, Sorina Mihaela Vicente, Astrid Rasga, Célia Rogé, Bernadette Guillon, Quentin Baduel, Sophie Kafka, Johanna Xenia Poustka, Luise Kothgassner, Oswald D. Kawa, Rafal Pisula, E Sellers, Tracey Posada de la Paz, Manuel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168762 2026-01-15T01:01:45Z 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Early services for ASD need to canvas the opinions of both parents and professionals. These opinions are seldom compared in the same research study. This study aims to ascertain the views of families and professionals on early detection, diagnosis and intervention services for young children with ASD. An online survey compiled and analysed data from 2032 respondents across 14 European countries (60.9% were parents; 39.1% professionals). Using an ordinal scale from 1 to 7, parents’ opinions were more negative (mean = 4.6; SD 2.2) compared to those of professionals (mean = 4.9; SD 1.5) when reporting satisfaction with services. The results suggest services should take into account child’s age, delays in accessing services, and active stakeholders’ participation when looking to improve services.

2019-01-01T00:00:00Z Verdugo Alonso, Miguel Ángel Schalock, Robert L. Gómez, Laura E. Navas Macho, Patricia http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168441 2026-01-09T01:00:56Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Background: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities have faced negative stereotypes, but progress in recognising their rights has shifted perspectives towards inclusion and civil rights in international frameworks. Methods: The article positions the inclusive society supports model within the framework of a theory of change. This framework encompasses major life activity areas, the components of the supports model, and the goals of an inclusive society, which are to maximise human dignity and autonomy, endeavour, and engagement.Findings: The authors describe the components of a support model that encompasses four evidence‐based components: an array of supports, support needs, a systematic approach, and the evaluation of inclusive society outcomes.Conclusions: The article emphasises systems thinking and systemic change, and advocates for cultural transformations rooted in human rights and shared values. Achieving true societal inclusion demands ongoing collective effort, ethical commitment, and a societal shift towards recognising both universal dignity and individual uniqueness

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Restoy, Damián Oriol-Escudé, Montserrat Alonzo-Castillo, Teresa Magán Maganto, María Carmen Canal Bedia, Ricardo Díez Villoria, Emiliano Gisbert‑Gustemps, L. Setien‑Ramos, I. Martínez Ramírez, María Ramos-Quiroga, Josep Antoni Lugo Marín, Jorge http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167561 2026-03-16T09:29:24Z 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often experience challenges in emotion regulation (ER) and emotion dysregulation (ED) which can interfere with their adaptive functioning. This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the evidence on ER/ED in children and/or adolescents with ASD, examining its relationship with the following variables: internalizing and externalizing symptoms, cognitive function and social skills, and the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions addressing ER difficulties. Both electronic and manual searches were conducted to identify potential studies. Fifty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. A statistically significant between-group difference was found, suggesting greater ER/ED challenges in the ASD group. Also, the ASD group showed more maladaptive ER strategies and fewer adaptive ER strategies compared to the non-ASD participants. Additionally, more severe ASD and poorer social skills were associated with greater ED and poorer ER skills, respectivelly. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between internalizing symptomatology and both adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies. Studies of nonpharmacological interventions showed significant improvement in both ER and ED. These results imply that assessing ER/ED in children and adolescents with ASD should be part of the evaluation process, and it should also be a focal point for intervention in this population.

2024-04-01T00:00:00Z Setien‑Ramos, I. Lugo‑Marín, J. Gisbert‑Gustemps, L. Díez Villoria, Emiliano Magán Maganto, María Carmen Canal Bedia, Ricardo Ramos‑Quiroga, J.A. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167559 2025-10-31T01:00:43Z 2022-03-30T00:00:00Z

[EN]Eye-tracking studies have shown potential in effectively discriminating between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and non- ASD groups. The main objective of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking studies in adults with ASD. A total of 22 studies were included for meta-analysis. Eyes and Non-Social regions proved better for discriminating between ASD and non-ASD adults, while fixation duration seems to be the outcome to choose. Active engaged tasks seem to reduce differences between ASD and non-ASD adults, regardless of the emotional content of the stimuli/task. Proportional fixation duration on eyes and non-social areas in non-active tasks (e.g. free viewing) seems to be the best eye-tracking design for increasing the sensitivity and specificity in ASD adults.

2022-03-30T00:00:00Z Palomero Sierra, Blanca Sánchez-Gómez, Victoria Magán Maganto, María Carmen Bejarano Martín, Álvaro Ruiz Ayúcar, Irene de Vena Díez, Victoria B Mannarino, Giselle V Díez Villoria, Emiliano Canal Bedia, Ricardo http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167558 2025-10-31T01:00:45Z 2025-04-03T00:00:00Z

[EN]This study investigates early development and language acquisition in moderateto- late preterm (MLPT) infants, focusing on social communication as a key factor. Using a longitudinal design, social communicative, cognitive and language outcomes were assessed at 12, 18, and 24 months in 106 infants, including 49 MLPT and 57 full-term (FT) infants. Standardized tools, including the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III), the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland-3), and the Social Attention and Communication Surveillance-Revised (SACS-R), were used to assess early developmental performance. Group differences and the interaction between group and assessment time points were analyzed to examine developmental patterns over time. Additionally, predictive models identified early indicators of receptive and expressive language performance at 24 months. The results revealed significant developmental delays in the MLPT group compared to their FT peers, with receptive language showing the most pronounced deficits. Early social communication behaviors, such as pointing, following a point, and attending to sounds at 12 months, emerged as strong predictors of both receptive and expressive language performance. Cognitive abilities also played a significant role, particularly in receptive language development. These findings underscore the utility of tools like the SACS-R in identifying early communication challenges and guiding tailored support strategies. Sustained developmental monitoring and targeted interventions that foster communication skills may promote positive language outcomes in MLPT infants, supporting their long-term developmental potential within this population with increased developmental needs.

2025-04-03T00:00:00Z Sánchez Herráez, Beatriz Jordán de Urríes Vega, Francisco Borja Sánchez Gómez, María Cruz Verdugo Alonso, Miguel Ángel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167320 2025-10-08T00:00:10Z 2025-10-02T00:00:00Z

[ES]Investigaciones recientes resaltan la importancia de los servicios para fomentar la inclusión social. Sin embargo, la financiación pública continúa priorizando la atención asistencialista. Esto presenta un dilema para las organizaciones: mantener servicios segregados para obtener fondos públicos o esforzarse en desarrollar estrategias de inclusión comunitaria con recursos propios. Este estudio tiene como propósito evaluar una organización con 25 años de trayectoria prestando servicios para personas con discapacidad en la comunidad, a fin de identificar aspectos clave en su historia que permitan comprender los desafíos y obstáculos enfrentados por organizaciones que intervienen a través de la creación de estructuras de apoyo en la comunidad. Para ello, se empleó un diseño de investigación mixto, mediante el uso de técnicas de recogida como grupos focales, evaluación tipo Likert y análisis documental. Los resultados revelan barreras como inestabilidad en la financiación pública o cambios legislativos que requieren adaptaciones constantes, entre otras. En respuesta, la organización desarrolla estrategias como diversificar fuentes de financiación, planificar la gestión estratégica, desarrollar la resiliencia organizativa y fomentar la transformación continua. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de conectar políticas públicas con prácticas profesionales basadas en evidencia y abogar por cambios legislativos que respalden la inclusión de personas con discapacidad en sus comunidades. (INGLÉS) Recent research highlights the importance of services to foster social inclusion. However, public funding continues to prioritize welfarist care. This presents a dilemma for organizations: maintain segregated services to obtain public funds or strive to develop community inclusion strategies with their own resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate an organization with 25 years of experience providing services for people with disabilities in the community, in order to identify key aspects of its history that allow us to understand the challenges and obstacles faced by organizations that intervene through the creation of support structures in the community. To this end, a mixed research design was employed, using collection techniques such as focus groups, likert-type evaluation and documentary analysis. The results reveal barriers, such as instability in public funding or legislative changes that require constant adaptations, among others. In response, the organization develops strategies such as diversifying funding sources, strategic management planning, developing organizational resilience and fostering continuous transformation. These findings underscore the need to connect public policy with evidence-based professional practices, and to advocate for legislative changes that support the inclusion of people with disabilities in their communities.

2025-10-02T00:00:00Z Sánchez, Beatriz Jordán de Urríes Vega, Francisco Borja Verdugo Alonso, Miguel Ángel Abena Abang, Carmen de Jesús Sanblás Capote, Victoria http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166574 2025-07-23T00:01:39Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]Background/Objectives: The aging of workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities is an emerging reality attributed to the rise in life expectancy and improved labor market access. In this study, “workers” is used as an inclusive, neutral term covering all individuals engaged in paid labor—whether employees, self-employed, freelancers, or those performing manual or non-manual tasks. It encompasses every form of work. It is crucial to comprehend the reality of aging workers from the perspectives of the primary individuals involved: the workers, their families, and supporting professionals. Methods: A qualitative study was developed, involving 12 focus groups and 107 participants, using NVivo 12 Pro for analysis; we used a phenomenological methodology and grounded theory. Results: A set of concrete needs was highlighted: among them, 33 were related to declining work ability due to aging and disability (WADAD), and 30 to transition to retirement. These needs were grouped into categories: workplace accommodations, coordination and collaboration, personal and family support, counseling and training, and other types of needs. Conclusions: This study establishes an empirical basis tailored to the needs of this group, enabling the development of prevention and intervention protocols that address WADAD and the transition to retirement.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Esteban Sánchez, Laura Arias González, Victor Benito Navas Macho, Patricia Verdugo Alonso, Miguel Ángel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166151 2025-07-04T00:00:24Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]The aim of this study is to analyze the determining factors and processes associated with changes in self-determination of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and extensive support needs who moved to ordinary homes within the community. A repeated measures design was carried out, collecting data of 54 participants before the transition and 6 months after. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine complex relationships between variables to estimate the models. After transition, participants’ levels of self-determination, received supports, and choice significantly increased. The effect that received supports had on self-determination was fully mediated by choice, meaning that if supports are not geared towards facilitating autonomy in daily decision making, there will be no improvement in quality of life.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Torres, María Elena Sánchez, Beatriz Jordán de Urríes Vega, Francisco Borja http://hdl.handle.net/10366/165873 2025-05-29T08:34:18Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

El aumento de la esperanza de vida entre personas con discapacidad intelectual y/o del desarrollo (DID) implica un proceso de envejecimiento, que desafía a entidades que gestionan centros especiales de empleo (CEE). La utilización de la herramienta PROLAB76 puede ayudar a detectar este deterioro y activar planes de apoyos personalizados. En el estudio, de carácter cuantitativo exploratorio descriptivo, participaron 49 personas trabajadoras con DID mayores de 45 años o aquellas menores con señales de envejecimiento, aplicando la herramienta PROLAB76. Los resultados revelan un bajo deterioro laboral en centros especiales de empleo de Afanias, aunque algunas dimensiones destacan con perfiles de apoyo moderado e intenso, como es el caso del funcionamiento cognitivo, subrayando la importancia de enfoques de apoyo individualizados en combinación con medidas generales en la entidad, debido a resultados similares en muchos de las personas participantes evaluadas. En este estudio se proporcionan evidencias acerca de la utilidad de PROLAB76, ya que permite detectar e identificar específicamente cuáles son los signos de deterioro laboral que muestran mayor frecuencia e intensidad, permitiendo elaborar planes de apoyo individualizado.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Lunsky, Yona Jahoda, Andrew Navas Macho, Patricia Campanella, Sabrina Havercamp, Susan M. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/164964 2025-07-22T07:54:27Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN] Prior to the start of the pandemic, adults with intellectual disability (ID) were more likely to experience mental health difficulties and face barriers obtaining mental health care. COVID-related public health restrictions, combined with heightened challenges to obtain timely mental health care, have served to worsen this situation internationally, with a combination of new onset conditions and worsening mental health for those already struggling. In this narrative review, we summarize literature on the mental health of adults with ID during the COVID-19 pandemic to describe what is known based on clinician perceptions, existing administrative health data, family and staff perceptions, and self-report. In addition to noting similarities and differences in findings based on the source of information, we also explored how experiences differed depending on where and when the research was conducted. Based primarily on research conducted during the first six months of the pandemic, there is a consistent finding across sources of increased anxiety, stress, and isolation. This review also explored the delivery of virtual mental health care and the impact of pandemic-based mental health interventions. There have been very few research studies evaluating clinical care during this time but clinicians have managed to provide supports virtually, which has been evaluated positively by some individuals. This narrative review concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and suggests key directions for future mental health research, policy, and practice efforts. Any mental health efforts now and during pandemic recovery need to have an understanding of how the mental health needs and services for adults with ID have evolved over the course of the pandemic. Further research is needed on the impact of both clinical interventions and other nonclinical efforts on the mental health of people with ID.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z