http://hdl.handle.net/10366/4636 2026-04-22T05:52:26Z 2026-04-22T05:52:26Z Cebrián Villar, Mar López García, Santiago Manuel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/168877 2026-01-17T01:01:13Z 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z

[ES]La modernización y convergencia de la economía española durante los últimos años del régimen franquista está intrínsecamente ligada a la ayuda exterior, que no sólo se manifestó a través de la adquisición de bienes, tecnologías y asistencia técnica extranjera, sino también a través de la formación de los trabajadores de cuello azul, concretamente mediante programas de formación profesional acelerada. Ésta es la principal aportación de la presente investigación. Este estudio se centra en un análisis de caso que examina la formación no reglada ofrecida por FASA-Renault a sus obreros durante los últimos años del régimen franquista, siguiendo la práctica adoptada anteriormente en otras naciones europeas, especialmente en Francia. Las competencias adquiridas en el puesto de trabajo a través de vías informales ayudan a entender cómo un país con una fuerza laboral poco cualificada oficialmente fuera capaz de converger en un breve perío-do de tiempo (JEL CODES: J24, L62, M53, 030).[EN]The modernization and convergence of the Spanish economy during the last years of the Franco regime is intrinsically linked to foreign aid, which not only manifested itself through the acquisition of goods, technologies and foreign technical assistance, but also through the training of the labor force, specifically through accelerated vocational training programs. This is the main contribution of the present research. This study focuses on a case analysis that examines the non-formal training offered by FASA-Renault to its workers during the last years of the Franco regime, following the practice previously adopted in other European nations, especially in France. These on-the-job skills acquired through informal channels help to understand how a country with an officially low-skilled workforce was able to converge in a short period of time. (JEL CODES: J24, L62, M53, 030)

2025-02-01T00:00:00Z Arias, Luz Marina Flores-Peregrina, Diana http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167993 2025-11-26T01:01:13Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]This study documents that municipalities in central Mexico closer in the past to an agricultural estate (hacienda) are associated with higher literacy and lower poverty throughout the twentieth century than municipalities similar in other respects but farther from a hacienda. The results are robust to various specifications, neighbour matching analyses, and a placebo-type test. The complementarities between late-colonial haciendas in central Mexico and mining and trade appear to have set municipalities close to a hacienda on a distinct development path. The evidence points to local-scale economies in hacienda locations that coordinated new investments away from agriculture and towards the new industrial and commercial sectors. The twentieth-century land reform and the railroad play a small role in explaining hacienda legacy. Our findings highlight the role of landed estates as centres linking rural economic activity to the main colonial economic activities, mining and trade.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Cebrián Villar, Mar http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167493 2025-10-25T00:00:44Z 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

[ES] l artículo analiza el proceso de implantación comercial de Renault en España entre 1908 y 1951, examinando la evolución de su red de distribución, la organización de la venta y el servicio posventa, así como las estrategias adoptadas para consolidar la presencia de la marca en un mercado nacional caracterizado por fuertes limitaciones institucionales, económicas y tecnológicas. A través del estudio de la Sociedad Anónima Española de Automóviles Renault (SAEAR), se muestra cómo la filial desempeñó un papel fundamental en la expansión de la empresa matriz francesa y en la articulación de un sistema comercial capaz de adaptarse a los ciclos políticos y económicos de la España del primer tercio del siglo XX.

2010-01-01T00:00:00Z Rey Poveda, Alberto del Cebrián Villar, Mar Grande Martín, Rafael Antón Pérez, José Ignacio Fernández Macías, Enrique http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167491 2025-10-25T00:00:38Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

[ES] El objetivo del trabajo es analizar los factores que afectan el nacimiento del primer hijo tras la migración. En particular, nos centramos en las condiciones familiares y en las características sociodemográficas de las mujeres migrantes a la llegada a España. La hipótesis general es que el comportamiento reproductivo después de migrar está íntimamente relacionado con la situación a la llegada. A la vez, consideramos que las diferentes situaciones familiares interactúan con las características individuales generando distintos efectos en la probabilidad de tener el primer hijo. En el análisis se han estimado modelos de supervivencia en tiempo discreto a los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes de 2007. Los resultados muestran, en primer lugar, la importancia en la fecundidad del estado civil y el número de hijos previos tras la migración, aunque se observan ciertas interferencias entre la situación familiar y las características personales del migrante. [EN] The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors that affect the birth of the first child after migration. In particular, we focus on family conditions and socio-demographic characteristics of migrant women at the moment of arriving in Spain. The general hypothesis is that reproductive behavior after migrating is closely related to the situation on arrival. At the same time, we consider that different family situations interact with individual characteristics generating different effects on the probability of having the first child. In the analysis discrete time survival models were estimated using data from National Immigrant Survey 2007. Results show the importance of marital status and number of previous children on fertility after migration, although there is some interference between family background and personal characteristics of the migrant.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Cebrián Villar, Mar http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167490 2025-10-25T00:00:43Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

[ES] El principal objetivo de esta investigación es conocer las fuentes del crecimiento del producto real de la economía española en el período 1964–1973. Para ello se han distinguido los siguientes componentes: stock de capital, calidad del stock de capital, número de horas trabajadas, calidad de las horas trabajadas y PTF. Se ha utilizado una función de producción Translog y se han diferenciado el crecimiento de la calidad y el crecimiento de la cantidad de los factores productivos. El resultado que se obtiene es que el principal componente del crecimiento del producto es el crecimiento de la PTF. [EN] The aim of this paper is to investígate the sources of growth of real product in the Spanish economy over the period 1964-1973. This is decomposed into five components: capital stock, quality of capital stock, hours worked, quality of hours worked and TFP. The methodology is based on the transcendentid logaríthmic production function and distinguishes growth in quality and quantity of inputs. We find that the main component of the growth in output is total factor productivity.

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Cebrián Villar, Mar http://hdl.handle.net/10366/167489 2025-10-25T00:00:42Z 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

[ES] En este trabajo se estudia la relación entre el cambio tecnológico, el tamaño empresarial y la concentración del mercado en el caso concreto de España en el período 1959–1973. A pesar de la abundante bibliografía, aún no existe una respuesta unánime sobre la relación entre la estructura del mercado y la innovación. Los resultados que aquí se presentan apoyan la hipótesis de Schumpeter que afirma que la innovación aumenta con la concentración del mercado. Existen, también, otras variables, como el grado de diferenciación del producto, que también afectan a la actividad innovadora. [EN] This work analyses the relationship between technological change, firm size and market structure, applied to the Spanish economy during 1959-1973. Despite the voluminous literature, the theory yields ambiguous predictions about the effect of market concentration on innovative activity. My results support Schumpeter’s hypothesis that innovation increases with market concentration. This empirical work has also found that other variables, such as the extent of product differentiation, can affect innovative activity.

2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Abidi, El Hadj Calvo Gallego, Jaime Schulman, Alejandro Ferrando Bataller, Miguel Minin, Oleg V. Minin, Igor V. Velázquez Pérez, Jesús Enrique Meziani, Yahya Moubarak http://hdl.handle.net/10366/164567 2025-04-30T20:15:45Z 2025-04-01T00:00:00Z

A comprehensive study on the enhancement of terahertz (THz) detection through the terajet effect is performed using mesoscale dielectric lenses of different shapes and sizes. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lenses, including spherical, aspherical, and cubic geometries, are fabricated and evaluated at frequencies of 0.15 and 0.3 THz. The lenses show enhanced responsivity and reduced noise-equivalent power, with performance characteristics strongly dependent on frequency and shape. Aspherical lenses achieve superior spatial resolution at 0.3 THz, characterized by the smallest spot sizes and full width at half maximum. Although with a bigger spot size, spherical lenses show an increase of responsivity signal of a factor of 1.5 with respect to the aspherical lenses at 0.3 THz. Cubic lenses, on the other hand, exhibit significant signal strength enhancement at 0.15 THz, but not at 0.3 THz. A damping of Fabry–Pérot oscillations at higher frequencies is also observed, contributing to improved spatial resolution. These results demonstrate the potential of the terajet effect to optimize THz detection systems for diverse applications, including medical imaging, security screening, and nondestructive testing. The findings provide practical guidelines for designing advanced THz systems and emphasize the importance of tailoring lens configurations to specific operational requirements.

2025-04-01T00:00:00Z Calvo Gallego, Jaime Delgado Notario, Juan Antonio Minin, Oleg V. Abidi, El Hadj Ferrando-Bataller, Miguel Fobelets, Kristel Velázquez Pérez, Jesús Enrique Minin, Igor V. Meziani, Yahya Moubarak http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160469 2026-01-19T12:54:12Z 2022-08-30T00:00:00Z

[EN]This paper reports on optimization of the parameters, by mean of electromagnetic simulations to obtain the values of the parameters that permit optimal conditions for terahertz (THz) radiation detection using the terajet effect generated by inserting a cuboid-shaped mesoscopic dielectric particle in the optical path at in the front of the rectifier. The obtained results show that the length of edge of the cuboid is the key parameter that conditions the performance of the detection system. A substantial gain is obtained under optimal conditions.

2022-08-30T00:00:00Z Calvo Gallego, Jaime Delgado Notario, Juan Antonio Ferrando-Bataller, Miguel Fobelets, Kristel Meziani, Yahya Moubarak Velázquez Pérez, Jesús Enrique http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160468 2026-01-19T12:56:09Z 2021-08-29T00:00:00Z

[EN]We report on a study of the coupling of electromagnetic radiation to a strained-silicon MODFETs used as sub-THz terahertz detector. In particular, the effect of the polarization of the incoming beam as well as the role of the bonding wires on the photoresponse generated were addressed. Two tones were considered: 0.15 and 0.30THz. Results show that the device is sensitive to the beam polarization, especially when the beam polarization is perpendicular to the transistor channel under excitation at 0.15THz. We also demonstrated that the bonding wires play a preponderant role in the coupling of the incoming radiation to the channel of the FET under excitation at 0.15THz while they have a minor role at higher frequencies (0.3THz).

2021-08-29T00:00:00Z Molina, Benjamin Palau, Carlos E. Calvo Gallego, Jaime http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160464 2025-04-30T20:15:48Z 2024-07-23T00:00:00Z

Indoor navigation, an innovative service built on indoor localisation, is a game-changer for travellers. This paper introduces a unique multimodal, dynamic indoor navigation service for indoor spaces. The novelty of this service lies in its seamless integration with outdoor routers, paving the way for a comprehensive door-to-door trip planner. The service's indoor multimodality is a key focus, considering accessibility options profiling and incorporating limited vehicular paths (e.g., internal buses in airports). The service's indoor dynamism is another standout feature involving real-time monitoring of events within the navigation path. The integration with outdoor routers is a significant achievement, primarily through the establishment of common interconnection points (shared points where indoor and outdoor navigation systems can exchange data) and a common data format structure (a standardised way of representing and exchanging navigation data). The proposed navigation service was put to the test in three real deployments at Berlin Tegel (TXL), Berlin Schönefeld (SXF), and Palma International (PMI) airports. Users travelling between these cities experienced the system's rapid detection of mechanical problems (e.g., travellators or elevators out of order) and incidents (e.g., temporarily non-navigable areas). The service's integration with other travel assistants and services, such as evaluating waiting times at check-in counters and security checkpoints, provided more accurate estimations of indoor navigation travel time and helped avoid agglomeration. These successful real-world validations underscore the service's effectiveness and reliability. The findings indicate that this innovative service significantly improves the travel experience by enhancing the planning and scheduling of movements from origin to destination. The validation showed an increase in travel efficiency, reduced wait times, and better accessibility options for travellers, underscoring the practical benefits of the proposed door-to-door navigation system.

2024-07-23T00:00:00Z Márquez Sánchez, Sergio Calvo Gallego, Jaime Erbad, Aiman Ibrar, Muhammad Hernandez Fernandez, Javier Houchati, Mahdi Corchado Rodríguez, Juan Manuel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160463 2025-04-30T20:15:49Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Nowadays, in contemporary building and energy management systems (BEMSs), the predominant approach involves rule-based methodologies, typically employing supervised or unsupervised learning, to deliver energy-saving recommendations to building occupants. However, these BEMSs often suffer from a critical limitation—they are primarily trained on building energy data alone, disregarding crucial elements such as occupant comfort and preferences. This inherent lack of adaptability to occupants significantly hampers the effectiveness of energy-saving solutions. Moreover, the prevalent cloud-based nature of these systems introduces elevated cybersecurity risks and substantial data transmission overheads. In response to these challenges, this article introduces a cutting-edge edge computing architecture grounded in virtual organizations, federated learning, and deep reinforcement learning algorithms, tailored to optimize energy consumption within buildings/homes and facilitate demand response. By integrating energy efficiency measures within virtual organizations, which dynamically learn from real-time inhabitant data while prioritizing comfort, our approach effectively optimizes inhabitant consumption patterns, ushering in a new era of energy efficiency in the built environment.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Minin, Igor V. Minin, Oleg V. Salvador Sánchez, Juan Delgado Notario, Juan Antonio Calvo Gallego, Jaime Ferrando-Bataller, Miguel Fobelets, Kristel Velázquez Pérez, Jesús Enrique Meziani, Yahya Moubarak http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160382 2025-04-30T20:15:50Z 2021-06-21T00:00:00Z

We report on the enhancement of responsivity by more than one order of magnitude of a silicon-based sub-terahertz detector when a mesoscopic dielectric particle was used to localize incident radiation to a sub-wavelength volume and focus it directly onto the detector. A strained-silicon modulation field-effect transistor was used as a direct detector on an incident terahertz beam at 0.3 THz. A systematic study in which Teflon cubes were placed in front of the detector to focus the terahertz beam was performed. In this study, cubes with different sizes were investigated, and an enhancement of the responsivity up to 11 dB was observed for a cube with an edge length of 3.45 mm (or 3.45λ). Electromagnetic simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental ones and demonstrated that the size of the mesoscopic particle plays an important role in focalizing the electric field within an area below the diffraction limit. This approach provides an efficient, uncostly, and easy to implement method to substantially improve the responsivity and noise equivalent power of sub-terahertz detectors.

2021-06-21T00:00:00Z Minin, Oleg V. Calvo Gallego, Jaime Meziani, Yahya Moubarak Minin, Igor V. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160381 2025-04-30T20:15:50Z 2021-07-29T00:00:00Z

An infrared (IR) pyroelectric detector was investigated for terahertz (THz) detection using the principle of the terajet effect, which focuses the beam beyond the diffraction limit. The terahertz beam was coupled to the detector’s optical window through a two-wavelength-dimension dielectric cubic particle-lens based on the terajet effect. We experimentally demonstrate an enhancement of about 6 dB in the sensitivity under excitation of 0.2 THz without degradation of the noise equivalent power value. The results show that the proposed method could be applied to increase the sensitivity of various commercial IR sensors for THz applications that do not require modification of the internal structure, and it may apply also to acoustics and plasmonic detectors.

2021-07-29T00:00:00Z Calvo Gallego, Jaime Delgado Notario, Juan Antonio Velázquez Pérez, Jesús Enrique Ferrando-Bataller, Miguel Fobelets, Kristel El Moussaouy, Abdelaziz Meziani, Yahya Moubarak http://hdl.handle.net/10366/160380 2025-04-30T20:15:50Z 2021-01-20T00:00:00Z

This paper reports on a study of the response of a T-gate strained-Si MODFETs (modulationdoped field-effect transistor) under continuous-wave sub-THz excitation. The sub-THz response was measured using a two-tones solid-state source at 0.15 and 0.30 THz. The device response in the photovoltaic mode was non-resonant, in agreement with the Dyakonov and Shur model for plasma waves detectors. The maximum of the photoresponse was clearly higher under THz illumination at 0.15 THz than at 0.3 THz. A numerical study was conducted using three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic simulations to delve into the coupling of THz radiation to the channel of the transistor. 3D simulations solving the Maxwell equations using a time-domain solver were performed. Simulations considering the full transistor structure, but without taking into account the bonding wires used to contact the transistor pads in experiments, showed an irrelevant role of the gate length in the coupling of the radiation to the device channel. Simulations, in contradiction with measurements, pointed to a better response at 0.3 THz than under 0.15 THz excitation in terms of the normalized electric field inside the channel. When including four 0.25 mm long bonding wires connected to the contact pads on the transistor, the normalized internal electric field induced along the transistor channel by the 0.15 THz beam was increased in 25 dB, revealing, therefore, the important role played by the bonding wires at this frequency. As a result, the more intense response of the transistor at 0.15 THz than at 0.3 THz experimentally found, must be attributed to the bonding wires.

2021-01-20T00:00:00Z López García, Santiago Manuel Cebrián Villar, Mar http://hdl.handle.net/10366/154073 2024-04-04T09:31:06Z 2021-10-13T00:00:00Z

[ES] Este documento expone el papel del primer centro del mundo para la integración en la red eléctrica de la electricidad procedente de energías renovables (cuyas siglas en español son CECRE (Centro de Control de Energías Renovables)) y el desarrollo industrial de los grandes proveedores de energía y fabricantes de aerogeneradores en España. Estas dos iniciativas permitieron el desarrollo de uno de los primeros mercados integrados para este tipo de fuente de energía. Las contribuciones clave fueron el desarrollo de dos programas informáticos (gestión del viento y gestión de la incidencia de la luz solar), su implantación visual y el control digital centralizado. Se utiliza un enfoque de historia económica y empresarial para mostrar el auge y el fracaso relativo de la industria eólica española durante el periodo 2004-2015, en el que España se convirtió en el cuarto país tras China, EE.UU. y Alemania en capacidad instalada de energías renovables y, en términos relativos, en el segundo tras Dinamarca. Este estudio es único porque aporta una visión integrada de las razones de la caída relativa de España en el ranking mundial de productores de energía eólica. La metodología del análisis económico de las políticas industriales permite explicar la caída de la importancia relativa de España en el panorama internacional de parques eólicos. [EN] This paper lays out the role of the first centre in the world for the integration into the electrical grid of electricity coming from renewable energy (the Spanish acronym for which is CECRE (Centro de Control de Energías Renovables; Control Centre for Renewable Energies)) and the industrial development of large energy suppliers and wind turbine manufacturers in Spain. These two initiatives enabled the development of one of the first integrated markets for this type of energy source. The key contributions were the development of two software programs (wind management and management of solar light incidence), their visual implementation, and centralized digital control. An economic and business history approach is used to show the rise and relative failure of the Spanish wind industry during the period 2004–2015, when Spain became the fourth country after China, the US, and Germany in terms of installed capacity of renewable energy and, in relative terms, the second country after Denmark. This study is unique in that it provides an integrated vision of the reasons for the relative fall of Spain in the world ranking of wind energy producers. The methodology of the economic analysis of industrial policies makes it possible to explain the fall in the relative importance of Spain in the international panorama of wind farms.

2021-10-13T00:00:00Z Cebrián Villar, Mar López García, Santiago Manuel http://hdl.handle.net/10366/135423 2023-06-13T14:59:20Z 2017-06-01T00:00:00Z

[EN]There are a number of strategies employed by companies to limit price competition, including patenting. This article investigates patent licensing restrictions as a strategy to erode price competition, using mainly information gleaned from the 1960–1962 Kefauver Committee hearings. The article deals with the pharmaceutical industry, which is one of the few sectors in which patents are essential to the development and introduction of innovations. The current study adds to a body of literature that has yielded mixed results with respect to the role of patents in this industry. The main contribution of this research is that restrictive licensing clauses, specifically field-of-use restrictions, are found to be relevant in eroding price competition in the institutional market. However, in the retail ethical market, price competition was absent even when no field-of-use restrictions were included in licensing contracts, although product competition was relevant between patented drugs.

2017-06-01T00:00:00Z