http://hdl.handle.net/10366/3823 Investigación científica producida o editada por los departamentos y centros de la Universidad de Salamanca 2026-05-09T11:04:45Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171313 [ES]El Manual de prevención y tratamiento del tabaquismo ofrece una síntesis sistemática de los conocimientos científicos y clínicos sobre el consumo de tabaco, sus consecuencias para la salud y las estrategias de intervención disponibles. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171312 [ES]La expansión de la envuelta nuclear durante la anafase es un proceso crítico para mantener la integridad genómica, especialmente en organismos con mitosis cerrada como la levadura de fisión Schizosaccharomyces pombe. En este modelo, el aumento de membrana nuclear es imprescindible para permitir la elongación del huso mitótico y garantizar la correcta segregación cromosómica dentro de un único compartimento nuclear. El fallo de este mecanismo provoca defectos mitóticos severos, incluyendo el fenotipo cut, en el que el material genético es seccionado por la maquinaria citoquinética. En esta tesis demostramos que Rgf3, un GEF específico de la GTPasa Rho1 y esencial para la citoquinesis, también coordina la expansión nuclear. Identificamos que su extremo Nterminal intrínsecamente desordenado es vital para la completa activación de Rho1. Su eliminación (rgf3-ΔN2) reduce esta actividad a un nivel que, aunque permite la síntesis del septo, es insuficiente para sostener el crecimiento de la membrana nuclear, provocando el arqueamiento del huso y errores en la segregación. Desde el punto de vista mecanístico, nuestros resultados sugieren que la baja actividad de Rho1 en este mutante altera la localización y función de Pcy1, enzima clave de la rama CDP-colina de la ruta Kennedy, responsable de sintetizar fosfatidilcolina. Como consecuencia, disminuyen los niveles de este fosfolípido, el más abundante de las membranas celulares, lo que limita la disponibilidad de nueva membrana necesaria para la expansión nuclear. Además, caracterizamos la regulación del extremo N-terminal de Rgf3, que actúa como una plataforma de integración de señales. Esta región se fosforila por las quinasas Orb6 y Cdc2 durante la separación de las células hijas y la fase G2, y se desfosforila por Clp1 en un proceso regulado por la ruta SIN. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la fosforilación por Orb6 de esta región es esencial para la correcta expansión de la envuelta nuclear, ya que su eliminación mimetiza los defectos observados en el mutante rgf3-ΔN2. En conjunto, este trabajo establece que Rgf3 actúa como un nexo entre la señalización del ciclo celular y la biosíntesis de fosfolípidos, asegurando la expansión de la envuelta nuclear y contribuyendo al mantenimiento de la estabilidad genómica.; [EN]Nuclear envelope expansion during anaphase is a critical process for maintaining genomic integrity, particularly in organisms with closed mitosis such as the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this model, nuclear membrane growth is essential to accommodate mitotic spindle elongation and ensure proper chromosome segregation within a single nuclear compartment. Failure of this process leads to severe mitotic defects, including the cut phenotype, in which genetic material is severed by the cytokinetic machinery. In this thesis, we demonstrate that Rgf3, a Rho1-specific GEF essential for cytokinesis, also coordinates nuclear expansion. We identified its intrinsically disordered N-terminal region as crucial for full Rho1 activation. Deletion of this region (rgf3-ΔN2) reduces Rho1 activity to a level that supports septum synthesis but is insufficient to sustain nuclear membrane growth, resulting in spindle buckling and segregation errors. Mechanistically, our findings indicate that the reduced Rho1 activity in this mutant disrupts the localization and function of Pcy1, a key enzyme in the CDP-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway responsible for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Consequently, levels of this phospholipid, the most abundant in cellular membranes, decline, limiting the availability of new membrane required for nuclear expansion. Furthermore, we characterized the regulation of the Rgf3 N-terminus, which functions as a hub for signal integration. This region is phosphorylated by Orb6 and Cdc2 kinases during daughter cell separation and the G2 phase, and dephosphorylated by Clp1 in a process regulated by the SIN pathway. Our results show that Orb6-mediated phosphorylation of this region is essential for proper nuclear envelope expansion, as its disruption phenocopies the defects observed in the rgf3-ΔN2 mutant. Collectively, this work establishes that Rgf3 serves as a nexus between cell cycle signaling and phospholipid biosynthesis, ensuring nuclear envelope expansion and contributing to the maintenance of genomic stability. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171311 [EN]Roads cause disturbances to wildlife from the beginning of their construction and once the road is in operation, people usually make use of the habitats, reducing their quality. To this are added the effects caused by light and noise from vehicles. These propagate through the land adjacent to the road causing changes in the fauna’s use of the habitat. This led us to ask ourselves what attributes inherent to the road and terrain influence the vertebrate fauna and what factors associated with human activities can be considered as confounding variables for the results interpretation? The study was conducted in proximity of the 40D highway in Mexico. Three paired areas were selected where signs of wildlife presence were recorded during spring and fall from 2018 to 2020 and these data were used as response variable (2108 records of 49 species). We used as explanatory variables the inherent characteristics of the natural terrain and road (e.g., height difference between road and habitat, distance from road), as well as those related to human presence in the habitat (e.g., distance to nearest town). GLM’s were adjusted to determine the influence of these on our response variable. We found that the inherent variables of the road and terrain have a significant influence on the number of faunal of hunting interest traces found (p = 0.018, r2 = 23.09). The method used allowed us to identify and distinguish the influence that human activities exert on the fauna within the road’s influence zone. The differential way in which organisms respond to human presence and activity makes it difficult to isolate this effect from the one we wish to evaluate, such as that of the road. Therefore, it is suggested that the variables used in this study be used as a control measure of this effect in the work carried out in proximity of roads. 2022-07-18T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171310 [EN]Millions of wild animals are killed annually on roads worldwide. During spring 2020, the volume of road traffic was reduced globally as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. We gathered data on wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) from Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and for Scotland and England within the United Kingdom. In all studied countries WVC statistics tend to be dominated by large mammals (various deer species and wild boar), while information on smaller mammals as well as birds are less well recorded. The expected number of WVC for 2020 was predicted on the basis of 2015–2019 WVC time series representing expected WVC numbers under normal traffic conditions. Then, the forecasted and reported WVC data were compared. The results indicate varying levels of WVC decrease between countries during the COVID-19 related traffic flow reduction (CRTR). While no significant change was determined in Sweden, where the state-wide response to COVID-19 was the least intensive, a decrease as marked as 37.4% was identified in Estonia. The greatest WVC decrease, more than 40%, was determined during the first weeks of CRTR for Estonia, Spain, Israel, and Czechia. Measures taken during spring 2020 allowed the survival of large numbers of wild animals which would have been killed under normal traffic conditions. The significant effects of even just a few weeks of reduced traffic, help to highlight the negative impacts of roads on wildlife mortality and the need to boost global efforts of wildlife conservation, including systematic gathering of roadkill data. 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171309 [EN]It is widely recognised that conservation policies in protected areas must also favour the development and viability of human populations. Although much research has focused on economic consequences, understanding the real impact of conservation on local populations requires a more holistic standpoint. Using quasi-experimental matching methods and a diachronic perspective, the biodemographic and socio-economic effects of Colombia’s National Natural Parks (NNPs) were evaluated (all in a context of internal conflict and post-conflict). The analyses were made for the set of NNPs and then grouped into four natural regions (Andes, Caribbean, Amazon-Orinoquía and Pacific) and two conflict intensities. Differences were found mainly for NNPs with low-intensity conflict, but only for biodemographic variables, not for socio-economic ones. Starting from a situation of disadvantage, a relative improvement in the conditions of the NNP municipalities was observed throughout the 13-year period in relation to the control group. Results should be taken with caution due to the conflict situation, but the lack of correlation between biodemographic and socio-economic aspects highlights the need to include more complex approaches in protected area management policies. 2020-12-25T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171308 [EN]The Batuecan lizard Iberolacerta martinezricai is a critically endangered species due to its significantly reduced distribution, which is restricted to the scree slopes (SS) of a few mountain peaks within the Batuecas-Sierra de Francia Natural Park (western Spain). Given its high specialisation in this type of discontinuous habitat, the long-term conservation of the species requires maintaining the connectivity between populations. This study analyses the contribution of connectivity, as well as other patch-related factors, in the distribution and density patterns of the species. With this aim, 67 SS were sampled by line transects from May to October 2018. Each SS was characterised using variables indicative of the microhabitat conditions for the lizard. Inter-SS connectivity was quantified using graph theory for seven distances. Generalised linear models (GLMs) were performed for both presence and density. Model results showed that while connectivity was a relevant factor in the presence of lizards, density only involved patch-related variables. Discrepancies probably occurred because the factors influencing presence operate on a wider scale than those of abundance. In view of the results, the best-connected SS, but also those where the lizard is most abundant and from which more dispersed individuals are likely to depart, seem to be the essential patches in any conservation strategy. The results may also be relevant to other species with habitat-specific requirements. 2021-03-02T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171307 [EN]This article interrogates the governance of religious and ethnic diversity in contemporary Spain, advancing a critical analysis of selective secularism as a meta-governance logic that structures symbolic hierarchies and practical exclusions. Selective secularism operates through the culturalisation of Catholicism as “neutral” national heritage and the religionisation of minority, especially Muslim, cultural expressions, reinforcing asymmetrical regimes of recognition beneath a veneer of formal pluralism. Through analysis of legal cases, judicial reasoning and the mobilisation of lay Catholic neoconservative networks, the article shows how intersecting top-down and bottom-up mechanisms entrench Catholic dominance while problematising racialised Muslim-coded presence. Building on the Bristol School of Multiculturalism and Sealy’s model of post-multicultural multilogue, Spain is situated as a paradigmatic “post-secular laboratory” in which rapid social transformation exposes both the limits and the inertia of liberal–secular governance. While dialogical engagement and “levelling up” strategies have significantly shaped academic and policy debates, they do not resolve the persistent marginalisation of transcultural actors, particularly descendants of Muslim migrants and native converts to Islam, whose hybrid biographies unsettle dominant binaries yet remain institutionally under-recognised. The article therefore advances a post-secular, transcultural principle of recognition and operationalises transcultural capital not merely as an adaptive resource at the micro or meso level, but as a mechanism for macro-level transformation in diversity governance. Anchored in the ongoing contestation over Islamic burial rights and the evolving practices of the Pluralism and Coexistence Foundation, the analysis demonstrates that only by empowering transcultural actors as co-authors, rather than passive consultees, can Spain recalibrate its model of religious diversity governance. The framework developed offers a way beyond segmented recognition of diversity and cosmetic pluralism, with implications for majority–minority relations across Europe. 2026-05-06T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171306 [ES]OBJETIVOS: A pesar de ser el cáncer de pulmón el tumor diagnosticado con más frecuencia en el mundo, desconocemos su incidencia real en España. Con el objetivo de paliar en parte tal déficit, y ante la ausencia de datos procedentes de la Comunidad de Castilla-León, hemos llevado a cabo el presente trabajo. MÉTODOS: Durante el año 1997 los 56 componentes del grupo de estudio del carcinoma broncopulmonar de la SOCALPAR hemos recogido prospectivamente los casos nuevos diagnosticados en nuestra Comunidad. Se han realizado controles de calidad en el ámbito local, en la oficina central de gestión de datos, y auditorías en los centros sanitarios de referencia. RESULTADOS: Han sido diagnosticados 1.015 enfermos, 95 mujeres y 920 varones. Esto supone una tasa de incidencia ajustada por edad a la población mundial estándar de 21,53 casos por 100.000 habitantes (varones: 41,58; mujeres: 4,31). Por provincia de procedencia dicha tasa, para los varones, ha sido: Ávila 36,89; Burgos 43,65; León 42,07; Palencia 38,88; Salamanca 38,88; Segovia 36,72; Soria 29,91; Valladolid 45,90, y Zamora 48,71. Un 90,14% de los pacientes eran fumadores o ex fumadores. El diagnóstico ha sido citohistológico en 877 enfermos (86,4%), predominando el carcinoma escamoso con un 50,62%, y sólo clinicorradiológico, según el criterio de un neumólogo y/o cirujano torácico, en 138 (13,6%). CONCLUSIONES: En Castilla-León la tasa de incidencia estandarizada del carcinoma broncopulmonar en 1997 ha sido de 21,53 casos por 100.000 habitantes (varones: 41,58; mujeres: 4,31). Un 13,6% de los diagnósticos son sólo clinicorradiológicos. 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171305 [ES]El dolor en la región cervical es uno de los motivos que frecuentemente llevan a los pacientes jóvenes a la consulta del médico de familia. En la mayoría de las ocasiones es de características mecánicas por un mal hábito postural o debido a traumatismos ocasionados por las actividades lúdicas o deportivas que se suelen practicar en estas edades y, generalmente, es el propio paciente quien atribuye el origen de sus molestias a situaciones reconocibles. Sin embargo, hay que tener presente la posibilidad de que el dolor pueda deberse a otras causas. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171304 [ES]Conscientes del problema del tabaquismo entre la población juvenil y su temprana edad de comienzo (12-13 años según la mayoría de los estudios), el Grupo de Abordaje del Tabaquismo de la Sociedad Castellano Leonesa de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria se propuso conocer la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco entre los estudiantes de primero y segundo de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de la provincia de Salamanca como fase previa a una serie de intervenciones encaminadas a intentar retrasar la edad de comienzo en este hábito o, mejor dicho, en esta drogadicción y aumentar el conocimiento sobre ella para lograr, en definitiva, disminuir su prevalencia global. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171303 [ES]La escasez de estudios a largo plazo dificulta la valoración de la abstinencia mantenida en el tiempo de los fumadores que consiguen dejar de fumar. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido determinar en qué medida los resultados obtenidos tras la intervención para dejar de fumar se consolidan en el tiempo, al cabo de 5 años. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo sobre 502 fumadores, cuasi experimental, al considerar el grado de dependencia nicotínica como criterio para la asignación del tratamiento: intervención mínima sistematizada en los fumadores con dependencia baja o que aún no se encontraban en fase de preparación, y tratamiento sustitutivo con nicotina en aquéllos con dependencia moderada-alta y/o alto consumo de cigarrillos. RESULTADOS: De los 267 pacientes que completaron el seguimiento a los 5 años, el 29,6% dejó de fumar y se mantuvo abstinente al año de seguimiento, y el 18,0% a los 5 años. De los que consiguieron dejar de fumar a los 2 meses de la intervención el 47,4% consolidó su abstinencia al cabo de los 5 años de seguimiento, y de los que no lo consiguieron seguía fumando el 88,1%. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados observados en la fase de acción pueden considerarse un elemento de ayuda para reorientar la actitud terapéutica, y quizá el planteamiento de controles programados en el tiempo ayude a consolidar la abstinencia tabáquica conseguida durante la intervención.; [EN]Objective The paucity of long-term studies makes it difficult to evaluate the sustained abstinence over time of smokers who quit. The objective of the present study was to determine to what extent the results of tobacco cessation interventions are maintained after 5 years. Patients and methods This was a longitudinal prospective study of 502 smokers. The design was quasi-experimental given that therapy was allocated according to the level of the patients’ nicotine dependence: routine minimum intervention for smokers with mild addiction and those not in the preparation stage, and nicotine replacement therapy for patients with moderate-to-high dependence and/or a high level of tobacco consumption. Results Of the 267 patients followed for 5 years, 29.6% quit and were still abstinent at 1 year, and 18.0% remained abstinent after 5 years. Of those who had managed to stop smoking within 2 months of starting the intervention, 47.4% were still abstinent on follow-up at 5 years while 88.1% of those who failed to quit within 2 months were still smoking 5 years later. Conclusions The results observed during the action stage could be of use in reorienting the treatment approach, and a planned schedule of follow-up contacts could help patients maintain the abstinence achieved in the course of the intervention. 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171302 [ES]Objetivo. Valorar si atención primaria ofrece un marco adecuado para el abordaje del tabaquismo de forma global, tanto con la intervención mínima sistematizada en tabaquismo como con tratamiento farmacológico mediante terapia sustitutiva con nicotina (TSN), comparando los resultados obtenidos con los de una unidad especializada de neumología. Diseño. Estudio prospectivo cuasi experimental. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria y especializada. Participantes. Un total de 357 fumadores que acudieron a una consulta de atención primaria (n = 166) o especializada (n = 191) durante un período de 6 meses. Intervenciones. Se realizaron dos tipos de intervención en función de la dependencia nicotínica de los pacientes: intervención mínima sistematizada en los que presentaban baja dependencia o que aún se encontraban en fases de precontemplación y contemplación, y TSN en los fumadores con alta dependencia y en fase de preparación. Mediciones y resultados principales. La abstinencia observada a los 12 meses del inicio del estudio fue, en el grupo de la intervención mínima sistematizada, del 36,5% en atención primaria y del 41,8% en especializada (p > 0,05), y en el grupo de la TSN, del 37,1 y el 35,5%, respectivamente (p > 0,05). El porcentaje de pérdidas de seguimiento fue del 8,6% en especializada y del 6,3% en primaria. Conclusiones. Los resultados observados en el presente estudio nos permiten aconsejar el tratamiento del tabaquismo de forma global en el marco de la atención primaria, bien sea mediante la denominada intervención mínima sistematizada o la TSN.; [EN]Aim To determine whether primary care provides a suitable framework for integrated treatment aimed at smoking cessation with systematic minimal intervention or pharmacological treatment with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). To compare the results with those obtained in a specialized pneumology unit. Design Prospective, quasi-experimental study. Setting Primary and specialized care services. Participants 357 smokers who were followed at a health center (166) or a specialized clinic (191) during a 6-month period. Interventions Two types of intervention were used depending on the patients’ degree of nicotine dependence: systematic minimal intervention for those with low dependence or who were still in the contemplation or precontemplation phase, and NRT for those with high dependence, in the preparation phase. Main outcome measures Twelve months after the start of the study, abstinence among participants who received systematic minimal intervention was 36.5% in primary care patients and 41.8% in specialized care patients (P>.05). Among participants who received NRT abstinence was 37.1% in the former group and 35.5% in the latter (P>.05). The percentage of patients lost to follow-up was 8.6% in specialized care and 6.3% in primary care. Conclusions The results lead us to recommend smoking cessation treatment integrated in the primary care setting, either with systematic minimal intervention or NRT. 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171301 [EN]NGS Establishment in Multidisciplinary Healthcare (NEMHESYS) is an Erasmus+ programme with the purpose of providing qualified staff with the essential technical and bioinformatic knowledge and skills on next-generation sequencing (NGS) to be able to carry out NGS studies and perform some of the most common types of analyses. The clinical application of NGS has become easier with advancements in technologies. However, the investment needed to bring NGS into medical practice remains significant, with the scale of knowledge required being unprecedented at most hospitals. In addition, these novel technologies bring new challenges in translating NGS to clinical practice, at both technical and regulatory level, in terms of data management, interpretation of the results, and genetic counseling. All these aspects justify the consideration of what will be the precise role of NGS in diagnosis, risk assessment, response prediction, and treatment monitoring, today and tomorrow. Thus, to evaluate the implementation of NGS in European healthcare/research centers, a mapping survey was carried out, based on previous NGS mapping studies. 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171300 [EN]Smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) appear to represent a hard-core group, and this presents a dilemma for chest physicians. A reduction in cigarette smoking benefits health, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) can aid smoking reduction. Hence we studied the efficacy of nicotine gum in helping hard-core smokers with severe COPD to quit. Seventeen smokers with severe COPD (FEV1 38-47% of predicted normal) who smoked >30 cigarettes/day but were unable to quit were encouraged to reduce their smoking as much as possible by using 4-mg nicotine gum. Five gradually reduced their daily tobacco consumption and, 18 months after starting NRT, were smoking an average of 6 cigarettes/day while still using nicotine gum. Compared to baseline, their respiratory symptoms had improved, and both FEV1 and FVC had increased. There was no improvement in pulmonary function in the group of smokers who did not reduce their cigarette consumption. No adverse events relating to nicotine occurred among the patients who used NRT to reduce their smoking. We propose that this reduction approach should be considered for patients with respiratory disease who are unable or unwilling to stop smoking. 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171299 [ES]La prevención del tabaquismo abarca aspectos muy amplios y se basa en el establecimiento de normas legislativas destinadas a promover la salud pública mediante la protección de los no fumadores frente al humo del tabaco y la disuasión a los fumadores acerca de su consumo, y también en el establecimiento de políticas destinadas a aumentar la información y formación de ambos (fumadores y no fumadores) sobre los efectos nocivos del tabaco. En España la principal legislación antitabaco es el Real Decreto 192/1988 del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo sobre limitaciones en la venta y uso de tabaco para la protección de la salud de la población. Otras normas complementarias de la citada ley han sido promulgadas posteriormente por las distintas administraciones públicas implicadas. A partir de la información científica que ha ido acumulándose durante los últimos años, la legislación se ha modificado considerablemente en dos direcciones: homogeneizándose las normas existentes entre distintos países y aumentando la restricción en la publicidad y consumo del tabaco. En España, distintos sectores sociales y científicos han solicitado el endurecimiento de la actual legislación. Sin embargo, son escasas las valoraciones realizadas acerca del grado de vigilancia y cumplimiento (y por tanto de su eficacia) de la legislación actual. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido conocer el nivel de cumplimiento de este Real Decreto en las instituciones oficiales de Salamanca. Hemos visitado 30 centros y hemos observado que existen carteles que prohiben el uso del tabaco en el 80% de estos centros; a pesar de esto el porcentaje de gente fumando en los mismos es elevado: un 43% entre los trabajadores (ninguno de los cuales pertenecía a centros educativos ni sanitarios) y un 37% entre el público. No hay carteles informativos sobre la nocividad del tabaco en ninguno de los centros que se incluyeron en el estudio. Parece necesario limitar aún más la venta y el consumo de tabaco en lugares públicos vigilando el cumplimiento de las normas restrictivas existentes, y aumentando la información (a toda la población) sobre los efectos nocivos del tabaco, para conseguir aumentar la colaboración de todos (fumadores y no fumadores) y alcanzar un ambiente libre de humo.; [EN]The prevention of nicotine addiction involves a wide range of measures, including writing laws to preserve public health by protecting nonsmokers from smoke and discouraging smokers from comsumption. Also important are campaigns to educate both parties (smokers and nonsmokers) about the negative effects of tobacco. The main antismoking law in Spain is the Health and Consumer Ministry's Royal Decree 192/1988 limiting the sale and use of tobacco with the aim of protecting public health. Other regulations have since been enacted by public administrations to complement that law. Research finding published in recent years have been the basis for major legal changes leading in two directions: toward standardizing laws existing in different countries and toward increasing restrictions on the advertising and sale of tobacco. Variosus scientific and social groups have demanded that current laws be made stricter. Litte has been done, however, to assess the degree of vigilance and compliance, and consequently the efficacy, of current legislation. The aim of this study was to determine the level of compliance with the law in governmental institutions in Salamanca. We visited 30 centers and saw that while notices prohibiting smoking were visible in 80%, the number of smokers was high: 43% among workers (none of whom was in educational or medical centers) and 37% among the public. No posters warning of the dangers of tobacco were seen in any of the centers visited. It appears necessary to further restrict the sale and use of tobacco in public places, to enforce compliance with existing regulations and to increase the amount of information on the toxic effects of tobacco in order to gain the cooperation of both smokers and nonsmokers toward achieving smoke- free environments. 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171297 [ES]Estudios realizados en la última década demuestran una prevalencia elevada de consumo de tabaco entre niños y adolescentes, con un incremento más importante entre las niñas y las jóvenes, señalando una divergencia creciente de las tendencias del hábito según el sexo. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido conocer la prevalencia y las diferencias existentes en la experimentación y consumo de tabaco entre niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos y la posible influencia del medio urbano o rural en los mismos. Participaron en el estudio S14 escolares, de los cuales S09 resultaron válidos para el estudio: 385 alumnos y 424 alumnnas, con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 24 años (15,90 ± 1,73) estudiantes de un instituto urbano y otro rural. El estudio incluyó la realización de una encuesta y la medición del monóxido de carbono en el aire espirado en el propio centro escolar. El 68,2% de los jóvenes afirmaron haber probado el tabaco: 241 alumnos (62,5%) y 311 alumnas (73,3%) (p < 0,001). El 27,2% afirmaron ser fumadores habituales: 78 alumnos (20,2%) y 142 alumnas (33,4%) (p < 0,001); la edad media de los experimentadores fue de 16,18 ± 1,78 años y de los fumadores 16,55 ± 1,85 años, significativamente superior a la de aquellos que no lo habían probado nunca (15,29 ± 1,43; p < 0,001). En los fumadores habituales el consumo medio de cigarrillos día es de 2,71 ± 1,68, similar en los estudiantes de ambos sexos. El nivel de CO en el aire espirado es de 12,61 ± 6,39 ppm, significativamente superior (p < 0,001) al encontrado en el grupo de probadores y de no fumadores (p < 0,001). La mañana de la realización del estudio habían fumado 180 alumnos (22,2%), 119 alumnas y 61 alumnos (p < 0,001). En total habían fumado el 81,8% de los estudiantes que aseguraron ser fumadores: 78,2% de los alumnos fumadores y 83,9% de las alumnas fumadoras. El nivel medio de CO encontrado en este grupo fue de 13,95 ± 1,69 ppm, significativamente superior al encontrado en los otros grupos estudiados: población no fumadora, probadores o experimentadores de tabaco. No observamos diferencias significativas entre el número de cigarrillos/día que consumen los alumnos que aseguran ser fumadores habituales y el número de cigarrillos que habían consumido esa mañana quienes habían fumado el día de la realización del estudio. Dentro del colectivo infantil y juvenil se han percibido cambios en algunos aspectos relacionados con el consumo de tabaco. En nuestro estudio hemos observado que prácticamente todos los aspectos vinculados a la experimentación y consumo de tabaco son significativamente superiores en las niñas y las adolescentes.; [EN]Studies carried out in the past ten years have found the prevalence of smoking among children and adolescents to be high, with the greatest increase observed for girls and young women, indicating increasing gender-related differences. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalences and differences among children and adolescents of both sexes with regard to experimentation and use of tobacco products and to determine any possible influence related to urban or rural environment. Eight hundred fourteen students participated, with 809 providing valid data for study: 385 males and 424 females ranging in age from 13 to 24 years old (15.90 ± 1.73 years). The subjects studied in either an urban or a rural school. Data was collected on campus by questionnaire and carbón monoxide in expired air was measured. Smoking had been tried by 68.2%: 241 males (62.5%) and 31 females (73.3%) (p < 0.001). Habitual smoking was reported by 27.2%: 78 males (20.2%) and 142 females (33.4%) (p < 0.001). Mean ages of experimenters (16.18 ± 1.78 years) and smokers (16.55 ± 1.85 years) were higher than the mean age of non-experimenters (15.29 ± 1.43) (p < 0.001). Habitual smokers consumed a mean 2.71 ± 1.68 cigarettes/day and consumption was similar for both sexes. CO in expired air was 12.61 ± 6.39 ppm in these smokers, significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that found in experimenters and non smokers (p 0.001). One hundred eighty students (22.2%), 119 females and 61 males (p < 0.001), reported having smoked on the morning of the study. In total, 81.8% of the students who described themselves as smokers had smoked that morning: 78.2% of the males and 83.9% of the females. CO in this group was 13.95 ± 1.69 ppm, significantly higher than that found for the other groups (non smokers or experimenters). We found no significant differences between number of cigarettes/day smoked by students who reported being habitual smokers and the number consumed the morning of data collection by students who had smoked the day of the study. Changes can be observed in patterns of tobacco use among children and young people. We found that nearly all aspects related to experimentation and consumption of tobacco are significantly higher in females. 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z