http://hdl.handle.net/10366/3946 2026-05-31T02:21:58Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171661 [EN] Land use and land cover (hereafter, LULC) change has occurred throughout history and will continue in the future. Soil properties are dependent on many factors such as LULC and intensity of use. The aim of this work was to assess the historical (1990–2018) and future trends (2050 and 2075) in LULC change and evaluate the effects of LULC on soil physicochemical properties in the Province of Salamanca, Spain. First period has been used due to the abundant and accurate available information for establishing a chronosequence based on homogeneous criteria, and considering the relevant past changes in the area. The second period allows for accurate and truthful projections avoiding distortions. The CORINE Land Cover was reclassified based on the eight most relevant LULC in the province to show historical and current LULCs, occupying an area greater than 2.50 %: Artificial surfaces (As), Non-irrigated arable land (Na), Permanently irrigated land (Pi), Natural grasslands, dehesa and transitional woodland–scrub (Pastures, heterogeneous agricultural areas) (Pha), Coniferous forests (Cf), Broad-leaved forests (Bf), Sclerophyllous vegetation/Mixed forests (Mf), and Water courses (W). Six of these (excepting As and W) were soil sampled to a depth of 0–10 cm and physicochemical analyses were carried out. We found expansion of agricultural areas (mainly Pha) that affected the soil properties in the past; and future variations in coverage are anticipated that could significantly deplete soil nutrients and other changes in soil properties. It is essential to understand the evolution of LULC and how they influence on soil properties to ensure soil sustainability and to be able to take measures to protect certain LULCs or limit certain intensities of use and possible harmful practices. 2024-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171660 [EN] Urban agriculture is expanding worldwide and is being promoted by the FAO as a strategic activity because of its environmental, socio-economic, and educational benefits for citizens. In Spain, it is estimated that there are more than 20,000 urban gardens. There are many variables to take into account when starting to cultivate an urban garden, among which the quality of the soil is crucial. Nevertheless, some studies have shown high levels of contamination in soils dedicated to urban horticulture. The sources of contamination can be various, such as previous unrecognized management and irrigation with poor quality water, or the addition of polluted compost and other soil improvers. Soil contamination can migrate to vegetables and fruits, thus entering the food chain. Materials and methods In this study, we analyzed the soils from ten urban gardens in the city of Barcelona, with a special focus on possible contaminants. Based on the possibility that irrigation water is a source of pollution, this was also analyzed in all investigated gardens. Results and discussion Some of the waters analyzed for irrigation have a high concentration of salts, and a few of them contain nitrites, which are listed as a pollutant. The dominant texture of the soils was sandy clay loam and loamy sand, the pH was generally high, between 7.87 and 8.41, clearly carbonated, with Ca generally being the dominant exchangeable cation, but without the risk of a high percentage of active carbonates that could make it difficult to grow vegetables. The content in organic matter was very variable, but in all cases it appeared to be potentially incrementable. The three tests used to check possible soil contamination from heavy metals, do not attest to significant pollution. Conclusions The soil quality overall is suitable for growing vegetables and allowing growers to work in these areas in complete safety. Although it would be necessary to analyze also other toxic elements, not considered in this study, some of the measured ones could come from the gases of road transport or even from the port of Barcelona. 2024-02-09T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171659 With the effects of fire, weather and post-fire management on soil properties having been studied mostly individually, there is little understanding of the combined effects of wildfire, heavy storm and straw mulching. In this study, we evaluated the changes in soil properties following a high-severity fire, post-fire soil treatment using straw mulch, and a torrential storm in a forest stand in north-western Portugal. The main physicochemical properties of the soil were evaluated in different soil conditions: a) burnt and untreated, b) burnt and mulched areas, and c) unburnt sites on three survey dates 1) soon after wildfire, 2) after the rainstorm, and 3) one year after wildfire. We found that soil water repellency strongly increased ephemerally immediately after wildfire, decrease after the storm and disappeared after one year. Fire reduced the soil organic matter (by 50%, on average), total nitrogen (by 85–90%) and available phosphorous (by about 45%) at both the mulched and untreated sites, and this effect was not changed by the ensuing rainfall. In comparison to the unburnt sites, the pH increased in the burnt soils, and the electrical conductivity decreased. Finally, the dynamics of the major cations and minor elements were affected differently by the wildfire and rainfall under the different soil conditions. One year after the fire, the most notable changes compared to the unburnt soil were detected in magnesium, potassium and almost all the minor elements. Based on these findings, instructions were given to the land managers (aim to control soil hydrophobicity following wildfire, supply more soil organic matter to the soil to avoid a decline in soil fertility, and use alternative actions to straw mulching to control the soil chemistry) that were aimed at more effective post-fire management in severely burnt areas in Mediterranean forests. 2023-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171658 [EN] This investigation is a study of the spatial propagation of a flood through the execution of two processes integrated into Geographic Information Systems to produce maps of potential flood zones. Based on Multicriteria Assessment (MCDA) techniques, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to identify areas with different potential degrees of flooding, and the hydrodynamic behavior of the extension is analyzed in terms of flooding in relation to different maximum flows, using the Nays2D solver of the iRIC software. For MCDA, four essential parameters were used for the evaluation of flood zones in the middle and lower course of the Acha–Arica: land use, elevation, slope of the land and distance to the river were used for the establishment of potential zoning. While photogrammetry procedures and a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model, together with base calculation conditions such as roughness, edge, discharge and time, were used for the hydrodynamic simulation of flooding for four different maximum flows of 42, 57, 84 and 114 m3/s. The results indicate that the AHP technique allows quite a coherent prediction of flood zones to be made with a limited amount of data. Hydrodynamic simulation with Nays2D allowed a simulated graphic representation of the extension to be obtained that reflects conditions very close to the actual conditions in which these events take place. Validation was performed by comparing the results with each other and with other sources of documentary records which showed high similarities between flood zones obtained. 2023-05-25T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171657 In arid areas, rural communities can be affected by erosive phenomena caused by intense rainfall. By involving such communities in participatory mapping over the last few decades, our ability to analyse the effects of these phenomena has been enhanced. The aim of this study was to evaluate participatory mapping as a tool for spatially analysing agricultural variations caused by erosive phenomena, using local people to identify chronologies of physical events so we could analyse their effects on agriculture. The study was conducted in Laonzana, Tarapacá Valley, in northern Chile. We selected the participants for the participatory mapping using specific criteria, and carried out field activities in different phases, which allowed the identification, georeferencing and registration (through participatory mapping) of the information collected in the field and from the collective memories of the participants. Three periods were studied. This provided evidence for a decrease in the number of productive sites, these being limited to the vicinity of the village. The participatory mapping technique has become a useful tool in desert and mountainous areas with low population densities for recovering experiential information from communities. 2023-01-24T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171656 [ES] En la historia de un proyecto de arte, ciencia y tecnología como lo fue MediaLab Madrid, los archivos se convierten en los depósitos donde la memoria y las historias se conservan pese al paso del tiempo. Su relevancia se magnifica, pues albergan y conservan la esencia de su creación: los procesos de generación de ideas, la documentación de proyectos innovadores, las colaboraciones creativas entre científicos, tecnólogos, artistas y la sociedad, así como encuentros y seminarios cuyos conceptos de trabajo resuenan hoy como base de la actualidad. Estos archivos no son meros contenedores de documentos, sino espacios vivos que permiten reconstruir el pasado y comprender el presente. 2025-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171655 En un mundo donde las segundas oportunidades a menudo se desvanecen tras los muros de una prisión, el arte emerge como un posible agente de cambio. Lejos de ser una mera distracción, el arte se presenta como un catalizador para el desarrollo personal, fomentando la expresión emocional, agudizando las habilidades cognitivas y fortaleciendo los lazos sociales tan necesarios en la reinserción social. Este texto aborda rehabilitación y reinserción social de individuos privados de libertad, un ámbito caracterizado por su limitada visibilidad pública y su propensión a la controversia. Para esa reinserción social, se subrayada el papel fundamental de la educación artística en prisiones (EAP) y de la mediación artística social, como instrumentos eficaces para la transformación personal y la reintegración social, incluyendo el fomento de la expresión emocional, el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas y el fortalecimiento de competencias sociales. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171654 [ES] Los textos que se presentan en esta publicación son el resultado de la puesta en marcha del Proyecto de Innovación Docente «La transgresión de la Inteligencia Artificial como recurso didáctico y herramienta artística. Conciencia cultural en Arte y Nuevas Tecnologías» (ID2023/053), a través de diversas asignaturas de Grado y Máster en la Universidad de Salamanca. Su inclusión en el aula ha tenido como propósito emplear la inteligencia artificial como recurso didáctico y herramienta artística en arte y educación artística de manera ética, mejorando la experiencia de aprendizaje, potenciando la creatividad, las habilidades artísticas, así como la comprensión del arte y el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico. Fruto de lo anterior, los autores y autoras de los textos, futuros profesores y profesoras, plasman los proyectos de innovación docente diseñados para introducir la inteligencia artificial en Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato, que han sido planificados en la asignatura de Innovación Docente en la especialidad en Dibujo del Máster Universitario en Profesor de E.S.O. y Bachillerato, F.P. y enseñanza de Idiomas (MUPES) de la Universidad de Salamanca. Con este libro se pretende que cualquier interesado o interesada en introducir la inteligencia artificial en sus clases, ya sea como herramienta artística o como recurso didáctico, pueda adaptar cualquiera de los proyectos diseñados a sus asignaturas. 2025-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171647 [ES]La escuela constituye un entorno clave para la promoción de hábitos saludables, especialmente en lo referido a la alimentación y la actividad física. Por este motivo, el objetivo que pretende alcanzar este trabajo es el de analizar la adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea en escolares de educación obligatoria y su relación tanto con variables sociodemográficas como con los distintos niveles de actividad física. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con 171 participantes (83 niñas y 88 niños), cuyas edades se encuentran comprendidas entre los 8 y 12 años, tomando como referencia el índice KIDMED. Se analizaron diferencias según edad, sexo, práctica deportiva y nivel de actividad física durante el recreo mediante pruebas de chi-cuadrado. Los resultados alcanzados ponen de manifiesto diferencias significativas en la adherencia a la dieta Mediterránea según la actividad durante el recreo y la edad, observándose una mayor proporción de dieta pobre en escolares sedentarios y en menores de 10 años. Por su parte, no se identificaron diferencias atendiendo a la variable sexo, lugar de residencia o práctica deportiva. Estos datos evidencian una relación entre los niveles de actividad física durante el recreo y la calidad de la dieta, lo que refuerza la importancia de promover entornos escolares que favorezcan el movimiento como estrategia complementaria para mejorar los hábitos alimentarios. En conjunto, estos hallazgos destacan la necesidad de poner en marcha programas integrales de educación nutricional adaptados a las distintas etapas escolares.; [EN]The school constitutes a key environment for the promotion of healthy habits, particularly with regard to diet and physical activity. For this reason, the aim of this study is to analyse adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among students in compulsory education and its relationship with both sociodemographic variables and different levels of physical activity. From a methodological standpoint, a crosssectional observational study was conducted with 171 participants (83 girls and 88 boys), whose ages ranged between 8 and 12 years, using the KIDMED index as a reference. Differences according to age, sex, sports practice, and level of physical activity during recess were analyzed using chi-square tests. The results obtained reveal significant differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to recess activity and age, with a higher proportion of poor diet observed among sedentary schoolchildren and those under 10 years of age. In contrast, no differences were identified with respect to sex, place of residence, or sports participation. These findings indicate a relationship between levels of physical activity during recess and diet quality, reinforcing the importance of promoting school environments that encourage movement as a complementary strategy to improve dietary habits. Overall, these results highlight the need to implement comprehensive nutrition education programs tailored to the different stages of schooling. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171646 [EN]The advent of the fax machine brought about a revolution in the art, providing artists with new avenues for creative expression, communication, and research. It did give rise to groups of artists, mainly belonging to the Mail Art and Copy Art movements, who exploited the fax machine to instantly transmit works usually created on the basis of the xerographic language of photocopy machines from the 1970s to the 1990s. The fax was used not only as an artistic tool, but also to develop new strategies for art collaboration and circulation. This new way of production, collaboration, and distribution gave rise to the graphic language of poor images stemming from the technical processes in fax creation exchanges. These poor images had low resolution, distortion, degradation, visual noise, and image deterioration – elements that became part of the graphic language inherent to the machine’s media specificity. The main objective of this text is exploring collaborative strategies with fax machines to highlight the resulting graphic language, and their value in art and image circulation. It also aims to examine how collaboration was central, as both sender and receiver were needed in the process. For this purpose, the research draws mainly from original materials and the artistic fax collection held by the International Museum of Electrography - Center for Innovation in Art and New Technologies (MIDECIANT) in Cuenca, Spain, which was a pioneering center in new technologies during the 90’s, including fax practices..; [ES]La llegada del fax revolucionó el arte y proporcionó nuevas vías para la expresión, la comunicación y la investigación artística. Dio lugar a un grupo de artistas, principalmente pertenecientes a los movimientos artísticos del Mail Art y el Copy Art, que exploraron el fax para enviar obras creadas partiendo del lenguaje xerográfico de las fotocopiadoras, entre finales de 1970 y principios de 1990. El fax se utilizó no sólo como una herramienta artística, sino para buscar nuevas estrategias de colaboración y circulación del arte. Esta forma de producción, colaboración y distribución generó el lenguaje gráfico de las imágenes pobres en los intercambios con fax. Estas imágenes presentan baja resolución, degradación, distorsión, ruido y deterioro de la imagen, elementos del lenguaje gráfico inherente a la especificidad del fax. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar las estrategias colaborativas con el fax para destacar el lenguaje gráfico resultante, así como el valor para el arte y la circulación de imágenes. Se examina cómo la colaboración ha sido central en el desarrollo y la difusión de éstas, ya que tanto emisor como receptor se necesitaban en el proceso. Para ello, la investigación se basa principalmente en los materiales originales y la colección de fax del Museo Internacional de Electrografía - Centro de Innovación en Arte y Nuevas Tecnologías (MIDECIANT) en Cuenca, España, que fue un centro pionero en la investigación de nuevas tecnologías durante los años 90, incluyendo las prácticas con fax. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171637 El presente artículo pretende evaluar la calidad de las herramientas de interpretación automática asíncrona. Para ello, se propone una definición de tales herramientas y se exponen las distintas arquitecturas y modalidades. A continuación, se revisan los parámetros de calidad establecidos en la literatura para generar un modelo de análisis de errores aplicable a interpretaciones humanas y automáticas. Finalmente, se aplica este modelo de evaluación a una interpretación profesional y otra automática de un discurso especializado en el área de las ciencias de la salud. 2025-12-31T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171636 El incremento en la movilidad estudiantil internacional, bajo iniciativas como el programa Erasmus Mundus, ha evidenciado la relevancia de evaluar rigurosamente el dominio de lenguas en el contexto de la educación superior. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar los géneros textuales incluidos como modelos y metas de producción en tres reconocidas pruebas estandarizadas de certificación: TOEFL (inglés), CELU (español) y TestDaF (alemán), analizando si su diseño formal responde verdaderamente a las exigencias prácticas de un estudiante universitario. Además, de forma tangencial, se evalúa cómo estos exámenes miden implícitamente competencias no lingüísticas que el estudiante requiere para el éxito académico. El análisis comparativo demuestra marcadas divergencias en el enfoque de cada certificación. Mientras el TOEFL y el CELU carecen de una correlación estrecha con los discursos propios de las aulas universitarias —el primero basándose fundamentalmente en preguntas de opción múltiple y un ensayo genérico, y el segundo enfocándose hacia interacciones del mundo laboral general—, el examen alemán TestDaF destaca de forma diametralmente opuesta. El TestDaF es identificado como el modelo con mejor grado de ajuste debido a que utiliza situaciones de la vida universitaria cotidiana y evalúa destrezas académicas complejas como la argumentación crítica, el análisis de datos estadísticos o gráficos y el planteamiento de hipótesis. Ante este panorama, se concluye que el desarrollo de futuras pruebas específicas de español para fines académicos debería tomar como referencia la estructura del examen alemán y evitar replicar los modelos masivos de menor especificidad. 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171633 El programa internacional de movilidad universitaria ha consolidado la necesidad de evaluar las competencias lingüísticas de los estudiantes según las exigencias del entorno académico de acogida. Este estudio analiza los géneros textuales incluidos en los exámenes estandarizados de certificación TOEFL (inglés), CELU (español) y TestDaF (alemán). El objetivo principal es determinar si estas pruebas se adaptan a las necesidades reales de los alumnos y cómo evalúan sus competencias no lingüísticas. Mientras que el TOEFL y el CELU muestran carencias en su vinculación directa con el entorno universitario real, el TestDaF destaca de manera diametralmente opuesta. La certificación alemana se posiciona como el modelo más específico y adecuado, ya que integra de forma equilibrada situaciones de la vida estudiantil cotidiana. Sus actividades de producción y comprensión evalúan con éxito habilidades críticas como la argumentación de posturas y el planteamiento de hipótesis académicas. Finalmente, el documento sugiere que el diseño de futuras pruebas para universidades de habla hispana debe tomar como referencia el modelo del examen alemán frente a opciones más comerciales. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171631 Este documento es una guía didáctica y práctica de 58 páginas titulada "Künstliche Intelligenz im DaF-Unterricht: Ein Leitfaden für den Einsatz von LLM Tools" (Inteligencia artificial en la enseñanza de alemán como lengua extranjera). Fue escrita por Patricia Rodríguez López (de la Universidad Comillas de Madrid) y publicada en mayo de 2025 en colaboración con la editorial Macmillan Hueber Education. El propósito principal del manual es ofrecer a los profesores de alemán (DaF) una introducción metodológica y práctica para integrar herramientas de Inteligencia Artificial (especialmente modelos de lenguaje o LLMs como ChatGPT, Claude o Gemini) de manera eficaz y responsable en sus aulas. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171630 The prevalence of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing due to the global rise in longevity. The accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) deposits and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) are considered the main hallmarks of AD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the regular intake of flavonoid-rich foods could reduce the risk of developing AD or mitigate its progression. This study explores the potential of quercetin (Q) and epicatechin (EC) as effective molecules against AD-like pathology, using the Caenorhabditis elegans BR5270 strain, which expresses the pro-aggregant F3DK280 fragment of the human Tau protein. The results showed that after exposure to 150 µM of EC or Q, worms exhibited increased lifespan, improved chemotaxis, and delayed age-related decline in locomotion. To explore the molecular mechanisms involved, the expression of genes associated with the inhibition of p-Tau proteotoxicity were measured by RT-qPCR. It was found that Q and EC significantly increased the expression levels of autophagy-related genes and of a key gene for de novo synthesis of α- tubulin. EC and Q delay neurodegeneration in the C. elegans tauopathy model, suggesting their potential to reduce the risk of AD progression. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171629 Phenolic acids are one of the major classes of phenolic compounds occurring as secondary metabolites in plants; among them, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are outstanding. These compounds are widespread in the human diet through plant-based foods, where they contribute to sensory and functional properties. Their consumption has also been associated with positive effects in human health, owing to their recognized biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, or anticarcinogenic). Technological and functional properties of phenolic acids have made them interesting compounds for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic companies, so that suitable preparation processes are required to meet their increasing research and industrial demand. To fulfill these needs, an efficient production of pure compounds is required that cannot be fully satisfied by their isolation from natural sources or chemical synthesis, which suffer limitations such as low yield, time-consuming, or non-environmentally friendly processes. Biotechnological approaches including the construction of heterologous plant or microbial systems can be an alternative for enhancing phenolic acid production or addressing pathways toward the biosynthesis of particular target compounds. This chapter offers an overview on phenolic acids occurrence in food and natural sources, biosynthesis and advances in their biotechnological production 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z