http://hdl.handle.net/10366/3947 2026-06-10T19:51:24Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171739 [ES]Se realiza una descripción actualizada del método de evaluación primaria XABCDE en paciente crítico prehospitalario. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171738 [ES]Manual que describe la evaluación y manejo inicial del paciente crítico prehospitalario con trauma grave, basado en el método de evaluación XABCDE. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171722 [ES]Se describe el caso de una mujer de 82 años, en tratamiento con sertralina y que, debido a un proceso catarral con tos, ingiere conjuntamente un jarabe de dextrometorfano. Tras la ingesta de ambos fármacos, presenta un cuadro de agitación, mioclonías, temblores y fiebre. Dados los antecedentes farmacológicos y la clínica, se diagnostica como síndrome serotoninérgico, iniciando tratamiento domiciliario y posterior traslado al hospital de referencia. 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171715 [ES]Este capítulo analiza la evolución del lenguaje embriológico en español entre los siglos XV y XVIII y destaca cómo los cambios terminológicos reflejaron y, al mismo tiempo, contribuyeron a transformar las teorías científicas sobre la generación humana. Se estudian tres aspectos principales: la «segmentación léxica» del nasciturus mediante términos como embrión, feto, criatura o infante; el proceso de vernacularización de los saberes embriológicos; y los mecanismos lingüísticos empleados para adaptar el vocabulario a los cambios de paradigma científico. Se muestra cómo la terminología utilizada para designar las distintas fases del desarrollo prenatal no fue estable, sino que dependió de concepciones médicas, filosóficas y morales cambiantes. Asimismo, se analiza la tensión entre préstamos cultos y voces patrimoniales en la construcción del léxico especializado, así como el esfuerzo humanista por recuperar y reinterpretar términos procedentes de la Antigüedad clásica. Especial atención recibe la transformación del vocabulario durante el siglo XVIII, cuando la difusión del preformacionismo y de la teoría ovista impulsó la introducción de términos como ovario y huevo, mientras otros vocablos tradicionales entraban en obsolescencia. El estudio concluye que el lenguaje embriológico no actuó únicamente como vehículo de transmisión del conocimiento científico, sino también como un agente activo en la construcción, legitimación y difusión de nuevos modelos explicativos sobre el desarrollo humano. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171630 The prevalence of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing due to the global rise in longevity. The accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) deposits and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) are considered the main hallmarks of AD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the regular intake of flavonoid-rich foods could reduce the risk of developing AD or mitigate its progression. This study explores the potential of quercetin (Q) and epicatechin (EC) as effective molecules against AD-like pathology, using the Caenorhabditis elegans BR5270 strain, which expresses the pro-aggregant F3DK280 fragment of the human Tau protein. The results showed that after exposure to 150 µM of EC or Q, worms exhibited increased lifespan, improved chemotaxis, and delayed age-related decline in locomotion. To explore the molecular mechanisms involved, the expression of genes associated with the inhibition of p-Tau proteotoxicity were measured by RT-qPCR. It was found that Q and EC significantly increased the expression levels of autophagy-related genes and of a key gene for de novo synthesis of α- tubulin. EC and Q delay neurodegeneration in the C. elegans tauopathy model, suggesting their potential to reduce the risk of AD progression. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171629 Phenolic acids are one of the major classes of phenolic compounds occurring as secondary metabolites in plants; among them, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are outstanding. These compounds are widespread in the human diet through plant-based foods, where they contribute to sensory and functional properties. Their consumption has also been associated with positive effects in human health, owing to their recognized biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, or anticarcinogenic). Technological and functional properties of phenolic acids have made them interesting compounds for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic companies, so that suitable preparation processes are required to meet their increasing research and industrial demand. To fulfill these needs, an efficient production of pure compounds is required that cannot be fully satisfied by their isolation from natural sources or chemical synthesis, which suffer limitations such as low yield, time-consuming, or non-environmentally friendly processes. Biotechnological approaches including the construction of heterologous plant or microbial systems can be an alternative for enhancing phenolic acid production or addressing pathways toward the biosynthesis of particular target compounds. This chapter offers an overview on phenolic acids occurrence in food and natural sources, biosynthesis and advances in their biotechnological production 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171628 [ENG]Introduction: Increasing evidence supports the role of gut microbiota in many aspects of human health, including immune, metabolic and neurobehavioral traits. Several studies have focused on how different components of the diet, such as polyphenols, can modulate the composition and function of the gut microbiota leading to health benefits. Methods: The effects on the resistance against thermally induced oxidative stress of C. elegans grown in the presence of flavonoids (quercetin or epicatechin) and fed different probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus plantarum CLC17, Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809 and Enterococcus faecium CECT 410, were explored. Results: Feeding C. elegans with the assayed bacteria in the absence of flavonoids did not significantly affect body size and fertility of the worms neither improve their resistance against oxidative stress compared to E. coli controls. However, increased resistance to stress was found when C. elegans was cultivated in the presence of both L. plantarum and flavonoids, but not with B. longum or E. faecium. An exploratory study revealed the presence of glycosylated and sulfated metabolites together with the aglycone in worms treated with quercetin and fed any of the different assayed LAB strains. However, in the assays with epicatechin a differential metabolite, tentatively identified as 5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone 3′-O-glucoside, was detected in the worms fed L. plantarum but not with the other bacteria. Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that the interactions bacteria/polyphenol play a key role in the effects produced in C. elegans regarding resistance against oxidative stress, although those effects cannot be only explained by the ability of bacteria to metabolize polyphenols, but other mechanisms should also be involved. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171615 [EN]To enhance the framework of the mechanisms of action used by Trichoderma gamsiiT6085 for the control of Fusarium head blight (FHB), this work investigated its abil-ity to modulate the expression of defence-related genes of wheat (Triticum aestivum‘Apogee’) in response to endophytic colonization of plant tissues. Changes in relativeexpression of pal1, pr1, pgip2 and lox1 genes were assessed over time in wheat roots,in spikes colonized by T6085 alone and both T6085 and Fusarium graminearum, and inleaves from wheat seedlings root-inoculated with T6085. Results indicate the ability ofT6085 to induce local and systemic defence responses in wheat plants in the presenceof one of the causal agents of FHB. There was a general significant up-regulation ofthe plant defence-related genes analysed, especially in the first days after the applica-tion of T6085. According to these results, modulation of plant defence genes could beincluded within the arsenal of mechanisms used by T6085 when applied to wheat, anadditional feature of interest in the management of FHB. To evaluate the effect of theplant genotype on the ability of T6085 to endophytically colonize roots, root coloniza-tion was assessed on four cultivars of T. aestivum and two cultivars of T. durum. Datashowed that roots of only two T. aestivum cultivars were endophytically colonized byT6085, similar to cv. Apogee used here as control, thus demonstrating an effect of thehost genotype on the endophytic ability of T6085. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171614 [EN]We explore the combined use of two beneficial fungal isolates, Trichoderma gamsii T6085 (Tg) and Clonostachys rosea IK726 (Cr), to enhance Fusarium head blight (FHB) management by biological control. We found no evidence for mycoparasitism or inhibition via diffusible metabolites, but Tg volatiles inhibited Cr growth slightly. Although Cr reduced Tg spore germination and mycelial growth in liquid culture, this effect seemed absent in planta. The BCAs differently modulated defence-related (DR) genes when colonizing roots or spikes. At seven days post-inoculation (dpi), root-applied Cr, alone and co-inoculated, induced a minor upregulation of PR1. In leaves, a systemic signalling response by root inoculation was detected. In spikes, Pal1, PR1, and Lox1 were upregulated by Cr alone and co-inoculated at 96 hours post-inoculation (hpi). However, Lox1 activation was enhanced by co-inoculation. On spikes inoculated with Fg, the BCAs revealed different patterns of DR gene modulation indicating involvement of different biocontrol mechanisms. In detail, Pgip2 was primarily upregulated at 24 hpi in co-inoculated spikes whereas at 72 hpi activation of DR genes was observed only with Tg. Notably, the disease incidence was reduced by 93 % by co-inoculation. In addition, the inoculum potential of F. graminearum on straw was reduced by all BCAs treatments, with ≥ 96 % reduction of perithecia after six months incubation. Our results show the potential of combining Tg and Cr as a more effective and stable FHB management strategy, than by treatments with the individual strains. 2025-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171613 [EN]Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the most virulent causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in Central Europe. The disease is also caused by other Fusarium species within the FHB Species Complex (FHBSC). Some Fusarium species secrete killer proteins (KPs) during host plant infection. Fg produces KP4-L killer toxins (FgKP4L), of which the clustered Fgkp4l-1, -2, -3 genes and Fgkp4l-4 (encoding for the heterodimeric KP4L-4 protein) are expressed in competitive interactions against the biocontrol agent Trichoderma gamsii T6085. We investigated the involvement of the four Fgkp4l genes in the competition with other plant-pathogenic Fusarium species either lacking KP4L proteins or carrying different combinations of them. Fusarium sporotrichioides (Fs) and Fusarium langsethiae (Fl) belonging to the FHBSC, and the outgroup Fusarium verticillioides (Fv), were used for both in vitro and in vivo tests. To monitor mycotoxin production, relative expression of Tri4 gene included within the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway was also evaluated. In dual cultures, modulation of KP4L-encoding genes was tailored according to the facing species and the distance between fungi. Against Fs, the three clustered Fgkp4l genes were up-regulated but no changes on gene expression occurred with Fl. Fgkp4l-2 was up-regulated facing Fv during the two contact independent stages (Early sensing and Sensing) of the interaction. The Tri4 gene was expressed only during the in vitro interaction with Fv, but not on spikes. Fgkp4l-2 and -3 were up-regulated at 3 days post-inoculation on wheat heads inoculated with a mix of the four Fusarium species. Competition against the other Fusarium did not influence Fg growth rate on spikes. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171612 [EN]Citrus fruits, widely consumed around the world, can be negatively affected by pests and fungal infections during their cultivation, handling, transportation, and storage, thus resulting in substantial yield losses and food waste. The use of natural preservatives like chitosan (CHT) and essential oils (EOs) is a promising approach for reducing chemical inputs to preserve food products. This study investigated the effects of CHT, extracted from crab shells and the fungus Pleorotus ostreatus, alone and in combination with mandarin (Citrus × reticulata Blanco, Rutaceae) essential oil (MEO), as an oviposition deterrent towards Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), the Mediterranean fruit fly, and growth inhibitor of Penicillium (P. expansum, P. digitatum, and P. italicum) spp. fungi, the causal agents of apple and citrus rot. A solution of 1.0% CHT of both origins (from crab shells and P. ostreatus) added with MEO resulted as the best combination to significantly reduce the oviposition percentage of C. capitata as well as mycelial growth and spore germination of Penicillium isolates and their pathogenic activity on Citrus japonica Thunb. (kumquats) fruits. According to results here collected, CHT added with MEO represents a valid combination to be used as an edible film and coating as part of an integrated control strategy to improve the shelf-life of fresh citrus fruits. Furthermore, fungal CHT, here used for the first time in combination with MEO, can be an excellent alternative to reply to the eating habits and necessities of the final consumers. 2024-07-13T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171611 [EN]Plants constantly face the environment that surrounds them and fight for survival against biotic and abiotic stress factors. To deal with harmful conditions, plants have developed a multilayer defence system, making them capable of recognising threats and promptly recovering from them. This phenomenon, which takes advantage of the “memory effect”, is referred to as bio-priming and represents a new frontier in terms of crop protection. Here, we investigated the “indirect” protective mechanisms of a new yeast extract formulate in Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese plants at both the biochemical and genic levels. The formulate was applied once a week for three consecutive weeks, and grapevine leaves were sampled from the first to the fifth day after treatment (dat) at every week of the experiment. Increased levels of jasmonic acid (every week at 2 dat; +70% as average) and abscisic acid (at 1 dat of the first week, more than 1.7-fold higher than the control) and the underproduction of salicylic acid (from 2 dat; −18%) confirmed that these signalling molecules/”specialised compounds” are actively involved in the early activation of defence pathways in treated vines. In addition, pr2 and chit1b, two genes involved in regulating hormonal crosstalk, were significantly up-regulated (both in the first and second week of the trial) and were also found to underlie upstream molecular activation. The results obtained by this investigation confirm the use of this new product to prime and protect grapevines from a wide range of fungal and fungal-like plant pathogens through the induction of defence responses. 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171600 Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide, representing a growing public health concern as populations age. While biological mechanisms have been extensively studied, less is known about how sociodemographic determinants - such as residence, education, and socioeconomic context - affect the onset and distribution of AD in Spain. This study explores the association between sociodemographic factors and AD diagnosis among patients in primary health care centers in the province of Salamanca. Methods A cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective study was conducted using data from the Medora 4 electronic health records system of the Castilla y León Regional Health Service (SACYL). A total of 760 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AD between 2009 and 2019 were randomly selected from an initial cohort of 1,623 individuals (95% confidence level, 2.59% margin of error). Variables analyzed included age, sex, place of residence (urban/rural), educational level, occupation, depressive symptoms, and family history of dementia. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05). Results Conclusion Among the 760 participants, 70% were women (n = 535) and 30% men (n = 225), with a mean age above 65 years. AD prevalence was significantly higher among urban residents (50.8%) than rural residents (49.2%) (p = 0.016). Women were disproportionately affected in both environments, especially in rural areas (74.1% vs. 66.1% in urban areas). Depression was recorded in 40.3% of patients, more frequently among women, though no significant association was observed with AD onset. Advanced age and female sex were confirmed as predominant risk factors. This study reveals a significant urban – rural disparity in AD prevalence in Salamanca, Spain, and confirms the higher vulnerability of older women. The findings underscore the need for targeted prevention and early detection strategies within primary care, particularly in urban settings where prevalence is higher. Understanding these sociodemographic determinants is crucial for designing equitable, community-based dementia care policies. 2026-01-23T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171522 [EN]Ovarian cancer is the most fatal of all the reproductive cancers within the female population, mainly due to its late diagnosis that limits surgery and medical treatment. Classically, ovarian cancer therapy has included conventional chemotherapy, and other therapeutic approaches are now being used to treat these patients, but the outcomes of the disease are still poor. Therefore, new strategies are needed to improve life expectancy and life quality of ovarian cancer patients. Considering that, we investigated the effect of the nutritional supplement Ocoxin Oral Solution (OOS) in ovarian cancer models. OOS contains several nutritional supplements, some of them with demonstrated antitumoral action. In vitro studies showed that OOS inhibited the proliferation of several ovarian cancer cell lines, especially of those representative of the endometrioid subtype, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A fast cell death induction after OOS treatment was observed, and when the molecular mechanisms leading to this effect were investigated, an activation of the DNA damage checkpoint was detected, as shown by activation (phosphorylation) of CHK1 and CHK2 kinases that was followed by the phosphorylation of the target protein histone H2AX. When tested in animal models of ovarian cancer, OOS reduced tumor growth without any observed secondary effects. Moreover, such reduction in tumor proliferation was caused by the induction of DNA damage as corroborated by the in vivo phosphorylation of CHK2 and Histone H2AX. Finally, OOS potentiated the action of carboplatin or olaparib, the standard of care treatments used in ovarian clinics, opening the possibility of including OOS in combination with those standard of care agents in patients with ovarian cancer. 2024-07-25T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171517 [EN]Multiple Myeloma (MM) prognosis has recently improved thanks to the incorporation of new therapies to the clinic. Nonetheless, it is still a non-curable malignancy. Targeting cancer cells with agents inducing cell death has been an appealing alternative investigated over the years, as is the case of TRAIL, an agonist of DR4 and DR5 death receptors. This pathway, involved in apoptosis triggering, has demonstrated efficacy on MM cells. In this research, we have investigated the sensitivity of a panel of MM cells to this agent and generated TRAIL-resistant models by continuous culture of sensitive cells with this peptide. Using genomic and biochemical approaches, the mechanisms underlying resistance were investigated. In TRAIL-resistant cells, a strong reduction in cell-surface receptor levels was detected and impaired the apoptotic machinery to respond to the treatment, enabling cells to efficiently form the Death Inducing Signalling Complex. In addition, an upregulation of the inhibitory protein c-FLIP was detected. Even though the manipulation of these proteins was able to modify cellular responses to TRAIL, it was not complete, pointing to other mechanisms involved in TRAIL resistance. 2024-08-05T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171499 [EN]Neratinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used for the therapy of patients with HER2+ breast tumors. However, despite its clinical benefit, resistance to the drug may arise. Here we have created cellular models of neratinib resistance to investigate the mechanisms underlying such resistance. Chronic neratinib exposure of BT474 human HER2+ breast cancer cells resulted in the selection of several clones resistant to the antiproliferative action of the drug. The clones were characterized biochemically and biologically using a variety of techniques. These clones retained HER2 levels similar to parental cells. Knockdown experiments showed that the neratinib-resistant clones retained oncogenic dependence on HER2. Moreover, the tyrosine phosphorylation status of BT474 and the resistant clones was equally sensitive to neratinib. Transcriptomic and Western analyses showed that peptidylarginine deiminase 3 was overexpressed in the three neratinib-resistant clones studied but was undetectable in BT474 cells. Experiments performed in the neratinib-resistant clones showed that reduction of PADI3 or inhibition of its function restored sensitivity to the antiproliferative action of neratinib. Moreover, overexpression of FLAG-tagged PADI3 in BT474 cells provoked resistance to the antiproliferative action of neratinib. Together, these results uncover a role of PADI3 in the regulation of sensitivity to neratinib in breast cancer cells overexpressing HER2 and open the possibility of using PADI3 inhibitors to fight resistance to neratinib. 2024-08-04T00:00:00Z