http://hdl.handle.net/10366/4512 2026-05-03T17:21:45Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171213 [EN]Donkey milk (DM) is a nutritionally rich source of bioactive compounds, essential vitamins and minerals. However, its potential for developing functional fermented products remains unexplored. To address this gap, we investigated microbial dynamics during spontaneous fermentation of raw Zamorano-Leonese DM to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) suitable for dairy applications. Raw milk from Zamorano-Leonese breed donkeys, raised on an organic farm in Salamanca (Spain), was spontaneously fermented at 37 °C until reaching pH 4.6. Metataxonomic analysis revealed a clear shift from environmental bacteria dominating the raw milk to an increased prevalence of LAB at the end of the fermentation process. Through culturomics, 34 bacterial strains were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including ten potential LAB candidates. Among these, five Lactococcus lactis isolates were selected to ferment pasteurized DM, which showed promising technological features and were subsequently subjected to whole-genome sequencing. L. lactis subsp. lactis CECT 31096 was selected due to its broad enzymatic repertoire linked to fermentation and the absence of antibiotic resistance or virulence-related genes. When used to ferment pasteurized DM, this strain improved both the physicochemical and nutritional profile of the resulting product. Fermentation significantly enhanced the bioaccesibility of bioactive compounds, as demonstrated by a higher inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (the fermented sample showed IC50 values of 3.17 g/L compared with IC50 7.23 g/L from pasteurized milk), doubling after digestion (IC50 1.25 g/L). Additionally, fermentation with L. lactis subsp. lactis CECT 31096 significantly increased soluble free phenols and peptides, boosting the reducing power and antioxidant capacity, and thereby enhancing the functionality of the final product. 2026-07-02T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171212 [ES]En torno a los programas de ordenador se han ido desarrollando muchas tecnologías, hasta llegar a los actuales sistemas de decisión automatiza o de Inteligencia Artificial. También el Derecho ha experimentado una gran evolución para dar respuesta a todos los problemas jurídicos que las Tecnologías de la Información plantean. En ocasiones, no obstante, se hace un tratamiento confuso de algunos conceptos cuyo régimen jurídico quizá conviene aclarar: así, el de algoritmo, identificado tanto con meras ideas como con el propio programa de ordenador. Ambos extremos son rechazables. También el código de los programas y partes del mismo como las API (Application Programming Interfaces), o el llamado «software de código abierto» plantean interesantes desafíos al Derecho de Autor. Y, por último, el desarrollo de pequeños, y no tanto, programas (apps) para los dispositivos móviles hace necesarias algunas puntualizaciones en torno a su protección jurídica. Pero, sobre todo, partiendo de su tutela por el Derecho de Autor, el régimen jurídico de todos estos objetos de Derecho va mucho más allá, y se hace necesario acudir a otras normativas para abarcarlos en su totalidad: transparencia, derechos fundamentales, competencia, secretos empresariales, Derecho de Consumo, régimen general de obligaciones y contratos y protección de datos personales. [EN]Many technologies have been developed around computer programs, until reaching the current automated decision systems or Artificial Intelligence. Law has also undergone a great evolution in order to respond to all the legal problems posed by Information Technologies. Sometimes, however, there is a confusing treatment of some concepts whose legal regime should perhaps be clarified: for example, that of algorithm, identified both with mere ideas and with the computer program itself. Both extremes are unacceptable. Also, program code and parts of it, such as APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), or the so-called «open source software» pose interesting challenges to Copyright. And finally, the development of small, and not so much, programs (apps) for mobile devices requires some clarification regarding their legal protection. But, above all, from their protection by Copyright, the legal regime of all these objects of law goes much further, and it is necessary to resort to other regulations to cover them in their entirety: transparency, fundamental rights, competition, trade secrets, Consumer Law, general regime of obligations and contracts, and protection of personal data. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171208 [ES] Análisis de la STJUE del caso IAB, que versa sobre los conceptos de «datos personales», «responsable del tratamiento» y «corresponsable del tratamiento», en particular, en el ámbito de las subastas publicitarias en línea": en primer lugar, si las informaciones e identificaciones generadas para cada usuario y recabadas para ofrecerle la publicidad personalizada son o no «datos de carácter personal»; y, en segundo término, de contestarse afirmativamente la anterior, si el gestor del sistema que recoge tales datos para dicha subasta es o no «responsable del tratamiento» o «corresponsable» del mismo. En ambos casos, el tjue responde bajo el principio de interpretación amplia y protectora del interesado con el que habitualmente interpreta el RGPD, pero con una interesante matización final en orden a la (no) responsabilidad del responsable del tratamiento por los usos posteriores por terceros de tales datos recabados. [EN]Analysis of the CJEU ruling in the IAB case, which deals with the concepts of "personal data," "controller," and "joint controller," particularly in the context of online advertising auctions: first, whether the information and identifications generated for each user and collected to offer personalized advertising constitute "personal data"; and second, if the answer to the first question is affirmative, whether the system operator that collects such data for the auction is a "controller" or a "joint controller." In both cases, the CJEU responds under the principle of broad interpretation and protection of the data subject, which it typically applies to interpreting the GDPR, but with an interesting final nuance regarding the (lack of) responsibility of the controller for the subsequent use by third parties of such collected data. 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171206 [ES]El trabajo aborda la "monetización" de los datos personales, su recogida a cambio de la prestación de SSI. Su calificación como auténtica “contraprestación", rechazada por el SEPD en los informes previos a la Directiva 2019/770, se refleja, sin embargo, en esta (servicios pueden prestarse “a cambio de” los datos personales del cliente) y en el TRLGDCU, como antes en el Proyecto del CESL. Se estudia, en definitiva, la entrega de datos en el marco de auténticos contratos onerosos, a pesar de su apariencia de gratuidad al no haber pago en dinero, con todo lo que ello implica (p. ej., sobre el régimen de conformidad de bienes y servicios). El autor argumenta decididamente a favor de su consideración jurídica como contraprestación, en contra del SEPD y otros autores que mantienen que sus menciones como tal en el TRLGDCU son un exceso del legislador contrario a la norma europea. [EN]This work addresses the "monetization" of personal data, its collection in exchange for the provision of information and communication services (ICS). Its classification as genuine "consideration," rejected by the EDPS in reports prior to Directive 2019/770, is nevertheless reflected in the Directive itself (services may be provided "in exchange for" the client's personal data) and in the Spanish General Law for the Defense of Consumers and Users (TRLGDCU), as it was previously in the CESL Draft. Ultimately, the study examines the transfer of data within the framework of genuine onerous contracts, despite their apparent gratuitousness due to the absence of monetary payment, with all the implications this entails (e.g., regarding the conformity of goods and services). The author argues decisively in favor of its legal consideration as consideration, contrary to the EDPS and other authors who maintain that its mention as such in the TRLGDCU is an overreach by the legislator and contrary to European law. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171201 [ES]Análisis de la STJUE del caso SCHUFA, que interpreta el art. 22 RGPD y los problemas en torno a la "generación" del valor de probabilidad por parte de la entidad de scoring más allá del uso por parte del destinatario de dicho valor de la evaluación efectuada para denegar un préstamo. Para el TJUE, la aplicabilidad del art. 22.1 depende de cómo se interpreten sus requisitos cumulativos: Lo prohibido es (1) una «decisión», (2) «basada únicamente en el tratamiento automatizado, incluida la elaboración de perfiles» y (3) que produce «efectos jurídicos» en el interesado o que lo «afecta significativamente de modo similar». El TJUE interpreta todas esas expresiones, concluyendo que también la entidad de scoring es responsable frente al interesado de la evaluación efectuada y debe facilitarle información sobre los criterios que ha tenido en cuenta. [EN]Analysis of the CJEU ruling in the SCHUFA case, which interprets Article 22 of the GDPR and the issues surrounding the "generation" of the probability value by the scoring entity beyond the recipient's use of that value in the assessment to deny a loan. According to the CJEU, the applicability of Article 22.1 depends on how its cumulative requirements are interpreted: What is prohibited is (1) a "decision", (2) "based solely on automated processing, including profiling", and (3) that produces "legal effects" on the data subject or that "significantly affects" him or her in a similar way. The CJEU interprets all these expressions, concluding that the scoring entity is also liable to the data subject for the assessment carried out and must provide him or her with information on the criteria it has taken into account. 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171197 [EN]Multi-source information fusion has become the cornerstone of modern intelligent decision systems, yet the explosive volume, heterogeneity and high dimensionality of crowd-contributed data severely challenge the efficiency and fairness of large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM). To transform this “data richness” into “decision wisdom”, dimensionality-reduction technologies have evolved from optional pre-processing modules to indispensable fusion-centric enablers that compress numerous decision makers into a compact but representative subgroup structure while preserving collective knowledge. By systematically reviewing 345 publications (2014–2025) retrieved from the Web of Science, this paper proposes the first information-fusion-oriented taxonomy of LSGDM dimensionality-reduction techniques, clustering them into: (i) clustering-analysis-based fusion of large-scale preference data, (ii) complex-network-based community detection that fuses relational information, and (iii) specialized hybrid methods that fuse multi-modal or semi-supervised cues. This review critically analyzes the above techniques, discusses their roles in alleviating scale dilemmas, improving decision quality and process operability, and establishes an evaluation system covering internal and external validity. Finally, it summarizes key challenges in information fusion, including dynamic streaming preferences, ultra-large sparse networks, and privacy-preserving fusion, and prospects paradigm optimization and key technologies such as semi-supervised granular ball fusion, autoencoder-based deep representation fusion, ensemble learning, and multimodal fusion, providing references for dimensionality reduction to support efficient, reliable, and fair LSGDM in the big data era. 2026-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171188 [ES]El estudio aborda la calificación jurídica, requisitos y límites de las medidas contractuales de protección de los distintos agentes (en particular, los primarios) en la cadena agroalimentaria, en tensión entre la libertad de mercado y la pulsión legislativa por tratar de controlar y fijar los precios en el sector para luchar contra los abusos de las grandes cadenas de distribución y venta. [EN]The study addresses the legal classification, requirements and limits of contractual measures for the protection of the various agents (particularly the primary ones) in the agri-food chain, in tension between market freedom and the legislative impulse to try to control and fix prices in the sector to fight against the abuses of large distribution and sales chains. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171184 [ES] El Grupo de Investigación Reconocido Las Desconocidas. Identidad, Narración y Educación (DINE) nació en 2019 en la Universidad de Alcalá y se consolidó en la Universidad de Salamanca. Desde sus orígenes se ha orientado a estudiar la construcción de la identidad a través de la narración y su aplicación en la educación, con un marcado compromiso social. El grupo ha desarrollado congresos internacionales, proyectos de investigación y de transferencia que han permitido articular la teoría con la práctica en contextos educativos y culturales. Este artículo recorre su trayectoria, analiza los resultados y plantea las líneas de trabajo de futuro, enfatizando el valor de la identidad narrativa para el desarrollo integral de las personas. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171179 [EN] One of the most common issues in brick masonry walls of Cultural Heritage buildings is the deterioration caused by rising damp through capillarity. Traditionally, these walls have been coated with air lime mortar, but hydraulic lime mortar with additives is now being used to improve drying in cases of capillary moisture. This experimental study aims to identify the behavioral differences between air lime and hydraulic lime coatings with additives in terms of moisture absorption and drying. Tests were conducted on brick and mortar samples coated with both types of mortar. The results showed that the samples treated with hydraulic lime with additives absorbed less water and presented a better visual appearance than those coated with air lime, despite having similar water content. This study contributes to selecting more effective materials for the preservation of historic buildings affected by capillary moisture, improving their durability and aesthetic.; [ES] Uno de los problemas más comunes en los muros de ladrillo de edificios del Patrimonio Cultural es el deterioro causado por la humedad ascendente por capilaridad. Tradicionalmente, estos muros se han revestido con mortero de cal aérea, pero actualmente se utiliza mortero de cal hidráulica con aditivos para mejorar el secado en casos de humedad capilar. Este estudio experimental tiene como objetivo identificar las diferencias de comportamiento entre los revestimientos de cal aérea y cal hidráulica con aditivos en términos de absorción de humedad y secado. Se realizaron pruebas en muestras de ladrillo y mortero revestidas con ambos tipos de mortero. Los resultados mostraron que las muestras tratadas con cal hidráulica con aditivos absorbieron menos agua y presentaron una mejor apariencia visual que las revestidas con cal aérea, a pesar de tener un contenido de agua similar. Este estudio contribuye a la selección de materiales más eficaces para la conservación de edificios históricos afectados por la humedad capilar, mejorando su durabilidad y estética. 2025-09-26T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171152 [EN]As global financial markets increasingly integrate non-financial criteria, companies are reinforcing the strategic role of sustainability and its impact on market value, although this cannot overlook how different institutional structures shape investor perceptions. This study examines (i) whether firms with higher environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance are perceived by markets as having greater future growth opportunities, and (ii) how institutional environments, measured through the dimensions of the Quintuple Helix Model (QHM), namely the economic, educational, political–legal, cultural and environmental systems, condition this relationship. Based on a panel of European listed companies over the 2013–2023 period, we find that companies with stronger sustainability performance are generally associated with higher growth potential, suggesting that ESG engagement is recognized by investors as a relevant dimension of organizations' expectations. The analysis also reveals cross-country differences in this association, consistent with the idea that markets interpret sustainability through their own institutional contexts. 2026-04-06T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171145 [ES] La presente tesis doctoral analiza las percepciones profesionales en torno a la inclusión socioeducativa de las personas con discapacidad psicosocial derivada de un trastorno mental grave, poniendo el foco en el estigma como una de las principales barreras para la participación social, la autonomía y los procesos de recuperación psicosocial. Desde un enfoque socioeducativo y comunitario, el estudio se desarrolla en la provincia de Zamora considerando dos contextos clave de intervención en salud mental: el ámbito clínico-asistencial y el asociativo-comunitario. La investigación adopta un diseño cuali-tativo de carácter fenomenológico, orientado a comprender en profundidad los signifi-cados, discursos y experiencias construidos por los profesionales que trabajan de mane-ra directa con este colectivo. La recogida de información se realizó mediante grupos focales con profesionales del ámbito de la salud mental pertenecientes tanto al sistema sanitario público como a entidades del tercer sector. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo con el soporte del CAQDAS NVivo 15, a través del análisis de contenido clásico con el fin de garantizar una interpretación rigurosa y sistemática del discurso profesio-nal. Los resultados evidencian que el estigma hacia las personas con trastorno mental grave se configura como un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial, estrechamente vinculado a dimensiones relacionales, identitarias, comunitarias y estructurales. Las categorías con mayor peso en el discurso profesional se relacionan con las relaciones sociales y el círculo de apoyo. Los hallazgos destacan la centralidad de las redes de apoyo, la partici-pación comunitaria y el vínculo terapéutico en los procesos de inclusión, así como el papel emergente de la tecnología como elemento mediador de la autonomía y la partici-pación social. Como aportación final, la tesis integra los principales hallazgos en un modelo concep-tual interpretativo que fundamenta la propuesta de pautas de intervención y transferen-cia socioeducativa orientadas a la educación superior, con el objetivo de contribuir a la reducción del estigma y a la promoción de entornos más inclusivos.; [EN] This doctoral thesis analyzes professional perceptions regarding the socio-educational inclusion of people with psychosocial disabilities resulting from severe mental disor-ders, focusing on stigma as one of the main barriers to social participation, autonomy, and psychosocial recovery processes. From a socio-educational and community-based approach, the study is conducted in the province of Zamora, considering two key con-texts for mental health intervention: the clinical-care setting and the associative-community setting. The research adopts a qualitative, phenomenological design, aimed at understanding in depth the meanings, discourses, and experiences constructed by pro-fessionals who work directly with this group. Data collection was carried out through focus groups with mental health professionals from both the public health system and third-sector organizations. Data analysis was performed using CAQDAS NVivo 15, employing classic content analysis to ensure a rigorous and systematic interpretation of the professional discourse. The results show that stigma toward people with severe mental illness is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, closely linked to relational, identity, community, and struc-tural dimensions. The categories with the greatest weight in professional discourse are related to social relationships and the support network. The findings highlight the cen-trality of support networks, community participation, and the therapeutic relationship in inclusion processes, as well as the emerging role of technology as a mediating element for autonomy and social participation. As a final contribution, the thesis integrates the main findings into an interpretive con-ceptual model that underpins the proposal of intervention and socio-educational transfer guidelines for higher education, with the aim of contributing to the reduction of stigma and the promotion of more inclusive environments. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171139 [EN]Childhood is a critical stage in the development of our individual identities. It is precisely the time when a child begins to become increasingly affected by two processes that may be acting in a manner that is inversely proportional to their educational needs: on the one hand, hyperconnectivity as a cultural reality in childhood and, on the other, a nature deficit. Against this backdrop, this article describes a research process designed to analyse the ludic and didactic use made in childhood of technology and the natural environment, further considering the role played by variables such as gender, age, and school year. This process is of a quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional nature, adopting an exploratory-descriptive and correlational approach. The sample consists of 2,586 schoolchildren aged between 9 and 13. The findings reveal significant differences depending on gender: girls are more engaged with nature, while boys tend more toward technology. There are also differences between school years and the children’s ages, with a highlight being a steady decrease in the ludic use of nature and its appreciation as children grow older, especially between the ages of 10 and 12. The study suggests that schools may have a key role to play is reversing these trends, especially using active methodologies and curricular proposals that bring the experience of nature into the classroom. Finally, the discussion focuses on the importance of designing teaching practices that strike a balance between technology and nature with a view to fostering children’s sustainable and mindful development in the digital era. 2026-04-22T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171130 [ES] Estudio de los objetos de adorno en concha de Homalopoma sanguineum en la cueva de Tito Bustillo 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171129 [ES] Estudio sobre los objetos de marfil documentados en el Paleolítico superior en la región cantábrica 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171121 [ES] Estudio de los objetos de adorno sobre la concha marina Homalopoma sanguineum en Europa 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171120 [ES] Revisión de útiles realizados en marfil de sitios cantábricos 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z