http://hdl.handle.net/10366/156610 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 20:53:14 GMT 2026-04-21T20:53:14Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166535 [EN]The Action-sentence Compatibility Effect (ACE) is a well-known demonstration of the role of motor activity in the comprehension of language. Participants are asked to make sensibility judgments on sentences by producing movements toward the body or away from the body. The ACE is the finding that movements are faster when the direction of the movement (e.g., toward) matches the direction of the action in the to-be-judged sentence (e.g., Art gave you the pen describes action toward you). We report on a pre-registered, multi-lab replication of one version of the ACE. The results show that none of the 18 labs involved in the study observed a reliable ACE, and that the meta-analytic estimate of the size of the ACE was essentially zero. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166535 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166495 [EN]This study investigated the transparency and translucency of 1,525 pictograms from the Aragonese Portal of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ARASAAC). A total of 521 participants took part in tasks that involved providing the word that best described the meaning of a pictogram or rating the relationship between a pictogram and a verbal label. This process allowed us to obtain indices of transparency (the quality of pictograms that makes their meaning easily “guessable” in the absence of their referent) and translucency (the degree of perceived relationship between the pictogram and its referent when the latter is present) which were further analyzed to assess their reliability and comparability with similar studies. Additionally, the relationship of those indices with various visual and psycholinguistic characteristics was explored, particularly focusing on the match between the original ARASAAC pictogram names and the most frequently provided names by the participants (modal names) for the pictograms. Results showed relatively low levels of transparency, as well as high levels of translucency, with nouns displaying the highest values in both metrics. For transparency and translucency, word imageability and concreteness were the most correlated factors, and, together with age of acquisition, they were the most important features related to the name matching with ARASAAC. The norms derived from this study enhance our understanding of pictogram perception, empowering stakeholders to leverage data-driven insights for the development and implementation of pictographic systems, thus improving cognitive accessibility. Mon, 14 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/166495 2024-10-14T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157380 [EN]In three experiments, we explored the role of verb tense and verb aspect in subjects' construction of mental models while reading. In the first and second experiments, subjectsread paragraphs in which verb tense was manipulated to assign current and past attributes (job descriptions) to a main charac ter. The results showed that on-line accessibility was faster for current attributes. The results of the third experiment showed that verb aspect manipulations regarding character actions affect the speed at which the characters are available for recognition. Wed, 01 Jan 1997 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157380 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157379 [EN]The effect of environmental context on episodic memory was examined in two free recall experiments with groups of old and young subjects. All subjects studied a list of unrelated words and were subsequently tested in the same room or in a different room. The results of Experiment 1 showed an advantage of being tested in the same context for the old subjects, but no effects of the context manipulation for the young subjects. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and additionally showed that old subjects (but not young subjects) benefited from instructions to mentally reinstate the learning context. The results of both experiments are discussed in terms of the relative value of contextual cues for subjects in each of the two age groups. Mon, 01 Jan 2001 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157379 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157378 [EN]In the present study, we used the Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm to analyze the relationship between theme identifiability of word lists and false memories in adults and children. We conducted two normative stud ies to determine the identifiability levels for critical unpresented words in 40 associative lists in adults and in 16 associative lists in children. Then, in three experiments, false memories for critical words that were either easy or hard to identify were analyzed in adults and in children 4–5 years old and 11–12 years old. Opposite results were found for adults and children. Lists with highly identifiable critical words produced fewer false memories for adults but more false memories for children. These results suggest that, if they can identify critical words, adults use an identify-to-reject strategy to edit out false memories, whereas, in children, theme identification does not lead to the use of such a monitoring strategy. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157378 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157377 [ES]Con cierta frecuencia se ha encontrado que los ítems iniciales de una lista se recuerdan mejor si se presentan en la modalidad visual que si se presentan en la modalidad auditiva. En un intento de explicar el fenómeno se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos. En el primer experimento se manipulo el orden del recuerdo y la dificultad del repaso con el fin de comprobar explicaciones basadas en el orden de salida y la cantidad de repaso. Se encontró superioridad visual, pero solo en recuerdo libre, y con independencia de los factores de repaso. En el segundo experimento se manipulo la localización de conjuntos de búsqueda en la recuperación, instruyendo a los sujetos a que se centrasen, durante el recuerdo, en diferentes partes de la lista. Se utilizo esta manipulación para comprobar una explicación del efecto basada en mecanismos de distintividad temporal. Se hallo superioridad visual, y esta vez en las condiciones predichas por la hipótesis de la distintividad temporal. [EN]It has been some times found that initial items in a list are better recalled following visual presentation than following auditory presentation. In an attempt to explain the phenomenon two experiments were conducted. The first experiment manipulated order of recall and difficulty of rehearsal to test explanations based on output order and amount of rehearsal. Visual superiority was found, but only in free recall and independently of rehearsal factors. The second experiment manipulated the location of retrieval search sets by instructing subjects to focus on different parts of the list when recalling. This manipulation was used to test an explanation of the effect based on temporal distinctiveness mechanisms. Visual superiority was found, and this time under the conditions predicted by the temporal distinctiveness hypothesis. Tue, 01 Jan 1991 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157377 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157376 [EN]Recent data (T. J. Perfect, C. J. A. Moulin, M. A. Conway, & E. Perry, 2002) have suggested that retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) depends on conceptual memory because the effect is not found in perceptually driven tasks. In 3 experiments, the authors aimed to show that the presence of RIF depends on whether the procedure induces appropriate transfer between representations and competition rather than on the nature of the final test. The authors adapted the standard paradigm to introduce lexical categories (words that shared the first 2 letters) at study and practice. Direct and indirect fragment completion tests were used at retrieval. The results showed significant RIF effects in perceptually driven tasks. Furthermore, they indicated that the presence of RIF effects depended on using adequate cuing to induce competition during the retrieval practice and on the final memory test tapping the inhibited representation. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157376 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157309 [EN]The present study analyzed the retrieval dynamics of false recall, using an externalized free-recall task after participants studied Deese/Roediger–McDermott lists with high- and low-identifiable critical words. In Experiment 1, the memory test required participants to write down the words they remembered as having been presented in each list (recall output) plus any related words that came to mind (inclusion output). The results of the inclusion output showed that highly identifiable critical items were more frequently generated than less identifiable critical items, suggesting that highly identifiable critical words were more accessible in a first phase of retrieval. At the same time, the results of the recall output showed that highly identifiable critical items were less often falsely recalled than low identifiable critical items, a replication of previous findings. In Experiment 2, self-reports corroborated that participants were using an editing strategy based on the identification and exclusion of critical words—that is, the identify-to reject strategy. These results help us to more fully under stand the identifiability effect and, beyond that, emphasize the importance of considering the intervening of dual pro cesses of accessibility and error correction as a crucial feature in theoretical explanations of false memories. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157309 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157304 [EN]This study presents Portuguese category norms for children of three different age groups: preschoolers (3- to 4-year-olds), second graders (7- to 8-year-olds), and preadolescents (11- to 12-year-olds). Three hundred Portu guese children (100 in each group) completed an exemplar-generation task. Preschoolers generated exemplars for 13 categories, second graders generated exemplars for 17 categories, and preadolescents generated exemplars for 21 categories. For each group, responses within each category were organized according to frequency of production in order to derive exemplar-production norms for sets of tested categories. The results also included information about the number of responses and exemplars, idiosyncratic and inappropriate responses, and com monality and diversity indexes for all the categories. A comparison of these children's norms with the Portuguese adult norms was also presented. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157304 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157301 [EN]Frequency of occurrence is an important attribute of lexical units, and one that is widely used in psycholog ical research and theorization. Although printed frequency norms have long been available for Spanish, and subtitle based norms have more recently been published, oral frequency norms have not been systematically compiled for a representative set of words. In this study, a corpus of over three million units, representing present-day use of the language in Spain, was used to derive a frequency count of spoken words. The corpus consisted of 913 separate documents that contained transcriptions of oral recordings obtained in a wide variety of situations, mostly radio and television programs. The resulting database, containing absolute and relative frequency values for 67,979 orally produced words, is presented. Validity analyses showed significant correlations of oral frequency with other frequency measures and suggest that oral frequency can predict some types of lexical processing with the same or higher levels of precision, when contrasted with text- or subtitle-based frequencies. In conclusion, we discuss ways in which these oral frequency norms can be put to use. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157301 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157300 [EN]This study investigated the development of false memories for basic and superordinate names using the DRM procedure. Two experiments were conducted with younger (3 5 years old) and older (10 12 years old) children. In the first experiment the DRM procedure was used with categorised lists and in the second experiment both types of lists*categorised and associative*were applied. False recognition for basic and superordinate names showed opposite developmental trends, regardless of list type. False recognition increased for critical-basic items and decreased for critical-superordinate items with age. These opposing results are mainly explained by age differences in conceptual knowledge and editing processes. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157300 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157291 [ES]Los efectos que el contexto ambiental tiene en la memoria han sido objeto de interés por parte de los investigadores en las últimas décadas, considerándolo una parte importante de los procesos de codificación y recuperación de la información. La idea básica es que el contexto ambiental se codifica de manera incidental junto con la información que se ha de recordar y, posteriormente, la reinstauración del entorno físico original ayuda a la recuperación de esa información. Los resultados de diferentes estudios experimentales han mostrado efectos facilitadores de la reinstauración contextual en diversos ámbitos, poniendo de relieve su importancia tanto desde una perspectiva teórica como aplicada. No obstante, los estudios más recientes con materiales verbales han ofrecido resultados inconsistentes que cuestionan la fiabilidad y la universalidad de los efectos. Aunque no se dispone todavía de evidencia empírica que permita resolver definitivamente el problema de la inconsistencia que se observa en los resultados de experimentos con manipulaciones aparentemente similares, se han propuesto algunas hipótesis en principio prometedoras. Entre ellas cabe destacar la hipótesis del "outshining", que admitiendo la importancia del contexto ambiental como proveedor de indicios de recuperación, enfatiza el valor relativo de estos indicios en competencia con otros potencialmente eficaces. [EN]Environmental context effects on memory have captured the interest of researchers in the last few decades and have been considered to be an important component in information encoding and retrieval processes. The basic idea is that aspects of the environmental context are incidentally encoded with the to-be-remembered information and, later, the reinstatement of the original physical environment is of significant help in retrieving the information. The rsults of several experimental studies have shown facilitatiry effects of context reinstatement in various realms, underlining its importance both from theoretical and applied perspectives. Nonetheless, more recent studies with verbal materials have provided inconsisten results, questioning the reliability and universality of these effects. Although there is still no clear empirical evidence that can be used to definitively solve this result inconsistency problem, some promising hypotheleses have been proposed. Specil attetion is paid to the "outshining" hypothesis, a proposal that recognizes the importance of environmental context as a provider of retrieval cues but, at the same time, emphasizes the relative value of this type of cues in the face of competition with other potencially efficient retrieval cues. Tue, 01 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157291 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157289 [EN]Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) has been stud ied with different types of tests and materials. However, RIF has always been tested on the items’ central features, and there is no information on whether inhibition also extends to pe ripheral features of the events in which the items are embed ded. In two experiments, we specifically tested the presence of RIF in a task in which recall of peripheral information was required. After a standard retrieval practice task oriented to item identity, participants were cued with colors (Exp. 1) or with the items themselves (Exp. 2) and asked to recall the screen locations where the items had been displayed during the study phase. RIF for locations was observed after retrieval practice, an effect that was not present when participants were asked to read instead of retrieving the items. Our findings provide evidence that peripheral location information associ ated with an item during study can be also inhibited when the retrieval conditions promote the inhibition of more central, item identity information. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157289 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157288 [EN]Previous research using the Deese–Roediger– McDermott (DRM) paradigm has shown that lists of associates in which the critical words were easily identified as the themes of the lists produce lower levels of false memories in adults. In an attempt to analyze whether this effect is due to the application of a specific memory-editing process (the identify-to-reject strategy), two experiments manipulated variables that are likely to disrupt this strategy either at encoding or at retrieval. In Experiment 1, lists were presented at a very fast presentation rate to reduce the possibility of identifying the missing critical word as the theme of the list, and in Experiment 2, participants were pressed to give yes/no recognition answers within a very short time. The results showed that both of these manipulations disrupted the identifiability effect, indicating that the identify to-reject strategy and theme identifiability play a major role in the rejection of false memories in the DRM paradigm. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157288 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157286 [ES]En este trabajo se ha estudiado el falso reconocimiento utilizando el paradigma Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM). Concretamente, se ha analizado el efecto diferencial de la fuerza asociativa directa e inversa sobre el falso reconocimiento, a la vez que se ha estudiado el papel desempeñado por el alto o bajo nivel de asociación de las listas en este tipo de ilusiones asociativas de memoria. Se emplearon 16 listas compuestas por 6 palabras asociadas y 3 palabras críticas. Ocho listas se construyeron a partir de la fuerza asociativa directa y ocho a partir de la fuerza asociativa inversa. Se controlaron los niveles de asociación de las listas para que las listas fueran comparables entre sí en cuanto a nivel de asociación, existiendo dos grupos en función del alto o bajo nivel de asociación. Los resultados mostraron que las listas DRM con 3 palabras críticas producían falso reconocimiento, siendo adecuada su utilización en procedimientos experimentales que requieran emplear más de un ensayo crítico por lista. Al comparar los diferentes tipos de listas, los análisis indicaban que el porcentaje de falso reconocimiento de las listas con baja fuerza asociativa directa (19.50%) era significativamente más bajo que el falso reconocimiento del resto de las listas (alta y baja fuerza asociativa inversa y alta fuerza asociativa directa), donde el falso reconocimiento superaba el 42%. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157286 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157285 [EN]Two new, long-lasting phenomena involving modality of stimulus presentation are documented. In one series of experiments we investigated effects of modality of presentation on order judgments. Order judgments for auditory words were more accurate than order judgments for visual words at both the beginning and the end of lists, and the auditory advantage increased with the temporal separation of the successive items. A second series of experiments investigated effects of modality on estimates of presentation frequency. Frequency estimates of repeated auditory words exceeded frequency estimates of repeated visual words. The auditory advantage increased with frequency of presentation, and this advantage was not affected by the retention interval. These various effects were taken as support for a temporal coding assumption, that auditory presentation produces a more accurate encoding of time of presentation than does visual presentation. Fri, 01 Jan 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/157285 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z