DPETP. Artículos del Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos

Autistic Adult Health and Professional Perceptions of It: Evidence From the ASDEU Project.

Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 GMT

[EN]The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated the knowledge and health service experiences of users and providers to generate new hypotheses and scientific investigations that would contribute to improvement in health care for autistic adults. An online survey designed for autistic adults, carers of autistic adults, and professionals in adult services was translated into 11 languages and distributed electronically by organizations and in-country adult service facilities in 2017; 522 autistic adults, 442 carers, and 113 professionals provided answers to the health questions. Professionals, the majority in non-medical services, appeared to be poorly informed about whether certain co-occurring conditions were more frequent in autistic adults than typical adults-especially some medical conditions, suicide attempts, accidents, and pain. A minority of autistic adults reported preventive health behaviors such as routine health check-ups. The majority of users and providers expressed the desire to make health care services more user-friendly for autistic adults. Among the three groups, <20% of responders knew an organization or clinician which has developed a way to monitor health, and prevent poor health, that works well for adults on the autism spectrum. The results point to means for better management of co-occurring conditions associated with autism in adulthood in order to reduce hospital admissions and potential areas of improvement in health and social services for autistic adults. Specifically, efforts should be focused on (1) professionals' education on risks for co-occurring conditions in autistic adults; (2) promoting preventive health behaviors; (3) making services user-friendly for autistic adults and their families; and (4) encouraging knowledge of good local services.

Intervention Services for Autistic Adults: An ASDEU Study of Autistic Adults, Carers, and Professionals' Experiences.

Wed, 20 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT

[EN]The Autism Spectrum Disorders in the European Union (ASDEU) survey investigated local services' use experiences of autistic adults, carers and professionals with interventions for autistic adults. The majority of the 697 participants experienced recommended considerations prior to deciding on intervention and during the intervention plan and implementation. Psychosocial interventions were the most commonly experienced interventions, while pharmacological interventions NOT recommended for core autistic symptoms were reported by fairly large proportions of participants. Family interventions were experienced slightly more commonly by carers than adults or professionals. Less than the 26% of autistic adult responders who had experienced challenging behaviors reported receiving an intervention to change them. These results provide insights for improving gaps in service provision of interventions among autistic adults.

Autistic Adult Services Availability, Preferences, and User Experiences: Results From the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union Survey.

Fri, 10 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT

[EN]There is very little knowledge regarding autistic adult services, practices, and delivery. The study objective was to improve understanding of current services and practices for autistic adults and opportunities for improvement as part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (ASDEU) project. Separate survey versions were created for autistic adults, carers of autistic adults, and professionals in adult services. 2,009 persons responded to the survey and 1,085 (54%) of them completed at least one of the services sections: 469 autistic adults (65% female; 55% <35 years old), 441 carers of autistic adults (27% female; 6% <35 years old), 175 professionals in adult services (76% female; 67% in non-medical services). Top choices by autistic adults, carers or professionals for services best suiting their current needs were: residential services: "help in own home" (adults, carers of high independent adults, professionals), "fulltime residential facility" (carers of low independent adults); employment services: "job mentors" (adults, carers of high independent adults, professionals), "Sheltered employment" (carers of low independent adults); education services: "support in regular education setting" (all groups); financial services: financial support in lieu of employment ("Supplementary income for persons unable to have full employment" for adults, "full pension" for carers of low independent adults) or to supplement employment earnings for carers of high independent adults and professionals; social services: "behavior training" (adults) and "life skills training" (carers and professionals). Waiting times for specific services were generally < 1 month or 1-3 months, except for residential services which could be up to 6 months; most professionals were uninformed of waiting times (>50% responded "don't know"). Five of seven residential services features recommended for autistic adults were experienced by <50% of adults. The knowledge of good local services models that work well for autistic adults was generally low across all services areas. The variation in services experiences and perceptions reported by autistic adults, carers, or professionals underscore the need to query all groups for a complete picture of community services availability and needs. The results showed areas for potential improvement in autistic adult services delivery in the EU to achieve recommended standards.

Addressing structural restrictive practices in disability support organizations

Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT

[ES]Antecedentes: La Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad enfatiza los derechos individuales y la autonomía. Sin embargo, ciertas prácticas restrictivas en los servicios de apoyo para personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (DID) pueden limitar estos derechos y menoscabar la autonomía. Las prácticas estructurales constituyen un tipo de práctica restrictiva que suele definirse como normas generales o prohibiciones que afectan por igual a todas las personas usuarias. Se consideran restrictivas porque limitan la libertad de las personas con discapacidad. Dado que estas prácticas están profundamente arraigadas en la cultura organizacional, a menudo se normalizan y pasan inadvertidas. A pesar de las implicaciones que las prácticas estructurales tienen para los derechos de las personas con DID, la evidencia empírica sobre su prevalencia es limitada, especialmente en España. En este contexto, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la presencia de prácticas estructurales en diferentes servicios de apoyo para personas con DID en España. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con 45 organizaciones de apoyo a la discapacidad, que participaron evaluando la presencia de prácticas restrictivas, incluidas las prácticas estructurales, en sus contextos cotidianos mediante la escala LibRe. Entre las prácticas estructurales se evaluaron aspectos relacionados con la organización del tiempo y las actividades, la gestión de la información y la toma de decisiones, la gestión del dinero y las normas organizacionales establecidas. Las organizaciones realizaron las evaluaciones en equipos, involucrando en el proceso a 194 profesionales, 6 familiares y 25 personas con discapacidad. La evaluación formó parte de un proceso de transformación organizacional. Se realizaron análisis de frecuencias y pruebas ANOVA para identificar las prácticas restrictivas más comunes. Resultados: Aunque las organizaciones informan, en general, una baja frecuencia de prácticas restrictivas, las prácticas estructurales son significativamente más frecuentes que otras, como las sujeciones físicas o mecánicas. Dentro de las prácticas estructurales, destacaron como frecuentes aquellas relacionadas con las limitaciones en la organización del tiempo y las actividades de la vida diaria de las personas con discapacidad. Entre las prácticas más habituales se encontraron las restricciones en las actividades recreativas y los horarios de comida inflexibles. Discusión: Se analizan las implicaciones de las prácticas restrictivas más frecuentemente reportadas por las organizaciones sobre la calidad de vida de las personas usuarias, así como la necesidad de reducir las prácticas estructurales mediante enfoques de transformación organizacional. También se señalan futuras líneas de investigación. [EN]Background: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities emphasizes individual rights and autonomy. However, certain restrictive practices in support services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) may limit these rights and undermine autonomy. Structural practices are a type of restrictive practice usually defined as blanket rules or prohibitions that affect all users equally. They are considered restrictive because constrain the freedom of individuals with disabilities. Since these practices are so deeply ingrained in the organizational culture, they often become normalized and invisible. Despite the implications of structural practices for the rights of people with IDD, empirical evidence on their prevalence is limited, particularly in Spain. In this context, this article aims to analyze the presence of structural practices in different support services for people with IDD in Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 45 disability support organizations, which participated by assessing the occurrence of restrictive practices, including structural practices, in their daily contexts using the LibRe scale. Among the structural practices, aspects related to the organization of time and activities, information management and decision-making, money management and established organizational norms were evaluated. The organizations conducted the assessments in teams, involving 194 professionals, 6 family members and 25 individuals with disabilities in the process. The assessment was part of an organizational transformation process. Frequency analyses and ANOVA tests were conducted to identify the most common restrictive practices. Results: Although organizations generally report a low frequency of restrictive practices, structural practices are significantly more common than others, such as physical or mechanical restraints. Within the structural practices, those referring to limitations in the organization of time and activities of daily living of people with disabilities stood out as frequent practices. Among the most frequent practices were limitations on recreational activities and inflexible meal schedules. Discussion: Implications of the restrictive practices most frequently reported by organizations on users’ quality of life are discussed, as well as the need to reduce structural practices through organizational transformation approaches. Future lines of research are also highlighted.

Quality of working life according to workers with disabilities as experts by experience

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT

[EN]Introduction: Quality of Working Life (QWL) for people with intellectual disabilities is a key construct for their well-being; however, it has rarely been explored from their own perspective. This study adopts an inclusive approach, recognising these workers as experts by experience. Method: a qualitative design was employed through focus groups and the Delphi technique with 23 workers with intellectual disabilities from a third-sector organisation. Valued aspects of their work environment were explored during the sessions and the results were analysed through inductive coding using Atlas.ti. Results: a total of 325 indicators were identified and grouped into ten dimensions, the most prominent being: job stability and work conditions, job content, and supervisory support. Job satisfaction, workload, and working conditions emerged as the nodes with the highest density of connection. The Delphi process confirmed the relevance of the proposed items. Discussion: the findings reaffirm dimensions outlined in classical QWL models while introducing nuanced insights grounded in the lived experiences of workers with intellectual disabilities. An necessity for accessible, participatory, and rights-based evaluation tools was highlighted in the article. [ES]Introducción: la calidad de vida laboral (CVL) en personas con discapacidad intelectual es un constructo clave para su bienestar, pero escasamente estudiado desde su propia perspectiva. Este estudio adopta un enfoque participativo reconociendo a estas personas trabajadoras como expertas por experiencia. Método: se empleó un diseño cualitativo con grupos focales y técnica Delphi con 23 personas trabajadoras con discapacidad de una entidad del tercer sector. Las sesiones exploraron aspectos valorados en su entorno laboral, y los resultados se analizaron mediante codificación inductiva asistida por Atlas.ti. Resultados: se identificaron 325 citas agrupables en diez dimensiones, siendo las más destacadas: estabilidad y condiciones del trabajo, contenido laboral y apoyo de la persona supervisora. La satisfacción laboral, la percepción de sobrecarga y las condiciones laborales fueron los nodos más densos y conectados. La validación Delphi confirmó la relevancia de los ítems propuestos. Discusión: los hallazgos reafirman dimensiones propuestas en modelos clásicos de CVL e introducen matices desde la experiencia vivida como personas trabajadoras con discapacidad. El artículo subraya la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas accesibles, participativas y centradas en derechos.

Calidad de vida laboral según las personas trabajadoras con discapacidad como expertas por experiencia

Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT

[ES]Introducción: la calidad de vida laboral (CVL) en personas con discapacidad intelectual es un constructo clave para su bienestar, pero escasamente estudiado desde su propia perspectiva. Este estudio adopta un enfoque participativo reconociendo a estas personas trabajadoras como expertas por experiencia. Método: se empleó un diseño cualitativo con grupos focales y técnica Delphi con 23 personas trabajadoras con discapacidad de una entidad del tercer sector. Las sesiones exploraron aspectos valorados en su entorno laboral, y los resultados se analizaron mediante codificación inductiva asistida por Atlas.ti. Resultados: se identificaron 325 citas agrupables en diez dimensiones, siendo las más destacadas: estabilidad y condiciones del trabajo, contenido laboral y apoyo de la persona supervisora. La satisfacción laboral, la percepción de sobrecarga y las condiciones laborales fueron los nodos más densos y conectados. La validación Delphi confirmó la relevancia de los ítems propuestos. Discusión: los hallazgos reafirman dimensiones propuestas en modelos clásicos de CVL e introducen matices desde la experiencia vivida como personas trabajadoras con discapacidad. El artículo subraya la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas accesibles, participativas y centradas en derechos. [EN]Introduction: Quality of Working Life (QWL) for people with intellectual disabilities is a key construct for their well-being; however, it has rarely been explored from their own perspective. This study adopts an inclusive approach, recognising these workers as experts by experience. Method: a qualitative design was employed through focus groups and the Delphi technique with 23 workers with intellectual disabilities from a third-sector organisation. Valued aspects of their work environment were explored during the sessions and the results were analysed through inductive coding using Atlas.ti. Results: a total of 325 indicators were identified and grouped into ten dimensions, the most prominent being: job stability and work conditions, job content, and supervisory support. Job satisfaction, workload, and working conditions emerged as the nodes with the highest density of connection. The Delphi process confirmed the relevance of the proposed items. Discussion: the findings reaffirm dimensions outlined in classical QWL models while introducing nuanced insights grounded in the lived experiences of workers with intellectual disabilities. An necessity for accessible, participatory, and rights-based evaluation tools was highlighted in the article.

School participation of students with disabilities in Spain: profile, supports and barriers

Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Introduction: School participation is central to learning, development, and inclusion. Within international efforts to identify environmental barriers to participation, this study aimed to analyze the school participation profile of students aged 5–17 years in Spain—with and without disabilities and other special educational needs (SEN)—and to identify environmental factors that support or hinder their participation. Method: Parents of 415 Spanish students aged 5–17 years completed the Spanish version of the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth: PEM-CY. Group differences between children with (n=142) and without (n=273) disabilities were tested. Results: Students with disabilities/SEN participated less often and with lower involvement across all school activities, with significant differences in “Classroom activities” and “Getting together with peers outside of class.” Parents of children with disabilities reported that cognitive, behavioral, and social demands commonly hinder participation. Reported resource unavailability ranged from 10%–38% (adapted transportation, financial resources, information, technical/ communication aids, and support services tailored to students’ needs and interests). Conversely, 44.4%–72.8% of parents indicated that physical layout, sensory qualities, safety conditions, staff attitudes, and peer relationships usually supported participation. Discussion: Despite inclusive-education mandates, findings indicate persistent participation and engagement inequities for students with disabilities and other special needs in Spanish schools. Parents point to environmental conditions— support services tailored to students’ needs and interests, teacher training to individualize these supports, and a culture of collaboration among teachers and between teachers, families, and children with special needs themselves—as key elements in ensuring meaningful, equitable, and full participation in school life.

Psychosocial job demands, organizational resources, and mental well-being in psychologists: factors associated with quality of work life

Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT

[EN] Background This study examined the extent to which psychosocial job demands and organizational resources are associated with quality of work life (QWL) and mental well-being in psychologists, using the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) model as a conceptual framework to guide the selection of predictors and the interpretation of relationships between burnout, engagement, and occupational health. Methods A cross-sectional correlational design was applied, combining hierarchical multiple regression and a path analysis within a structural equation modelling (SEM) framework. The sample comprised 624 practicing psychologists in Spain who completed validated self-report measures of burnout, job demands, autonomy, social support, work engagement, psychological symptoms, and QWL. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the incremental explained variance of sociodemographic, organizational, and psychological predictors. Results Findings indicated that job demands, organizational resources, engagement, and indicators of mental health accounted for 45% of the variance in QWL. Emotional exhaustion, psychological demands, dedication, and anxiety– insomnia emerged as the strongest correlates. The final path model, specified with observed variables, confirmed that psychological demands (β = − .16), emotional exhaustion (β = − .21), and anxiety–insomnia (β = − .16) were negatively associated with QWL, whereas autonomy (β = .13), perceived social support (β = .07), and dedication (β = .25) showed positive associations. The model explained 44% of the variance in QWL. Conclusions Overall, the findings highlight the relevance of psychosocial demands and resources in understanding variations in psychologists’ QWL. Strategies aimed at reducing emotional strain and enhancing autonomy, social support, and work engagement may be considered in future intervention-oriented research for promoting practitioners’ well-being and sustaining professional functioning.

Development and initial validation of a hierarchically structured multidimensional scale of quality of working life

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

[EN] Background: Quality of working life (QWL) is widely recognized as a central domain of adult quality of life; however, conceptual fragmentation and reliance on satisfaction-based proxies have limited theoretical integration and robust measurement. This study formalizes QWL as a hierarchically structured, multidimensional construct and develops a stakeholder-grounded instrument to support comprehensive psychological assessment. Methods: Item development followed a bottom-up construct-elicitation approach using focus groups and Delphi procedures, yielding 48 items. The scale was administered to 407 employees from a large non-profit social services organization. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using polychoric correlations and WLSMV estimation. Internal consistency, measurement invariance across sex, job tenure, and professional group, and convergent and discriminant validity were examined. Results: Analyses supported a six-factor structure organized under a higher- order QWL factor. The hierarchical model demonstrated acceptable fit, substantial standardized loadings, and high internal consistency. Configural and metric invariance were supported across groups, with generally acceptable scalar invariance. Correlation patterns provided evidence of convergent validity with engagement, job satisfaction, organizational support, and wellbeing, while supporting discriminant validity from personality traits and stress- related constructs. Conclusion: Findings provide initial evidence for a theoretically integrated and psychometrically robust QWL instrument, advancing conceptual clarity and offering a structured framework for research and applied organizational assessment.

Perceived Shortcomings in Rights Implementation in Services for People With Intellectual Disabilities: Professionals' Perspectives and Ethical Implications

Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT

[EN] Despite international efforts to implement a rights-based approach in services for individuals with intellectual and develop-mental disabilities (IDD), concerns about rights violations—both overt and subtle—remain present in everyday practice. This study examines the perceptions of 1134 professionals working in IDD services across 10 Spanish regions regarding the extent to which service users' rights are respected, their needs and preferences are addressed, and the emotional and attitudinal re-sponses of staff. Findings indicate that while most professionals perceived general respect for rights, important concerns were reported regarding specific areas, particularly privacy, social inclusion, and legal recognition. Longer professional tenure was associated with a greater likelihood of reporting perceived shortcomings in rights implementation. Emotional responses such as pity, overprotection, and ambivalence were more frequently reported when professionals worked with individuals with higher support needs. Notably, 27.7% of respondents believed that the right to privacy was not adequately respected, and 38.7% identified lack of attention as a form of inappropriate treatment. These findings highlight the ethical relevance of professional perceptions and organizational practices and underscore the need for ongoing ethical reflection and service-level improvement. Interpreted within the framework of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Quality of Life Supports Model, the results point to the importance of aligning everyday support practices with person-centered and rights-based principles.

Los servicios de apoyo desde la perspectiva de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y/o del desarrollo: una investigación inclusiva

Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT

[ES]Introducción. El enfoque en derechos y el fomento de oportunidades son clave para lograr la participación de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y/o del desarrollo (DID). No obstante, incluso dentro de las organizaciones que prestan apoyos, las personas con DID continúan teniendo vidas dirigidas y restrictivas. Por consiguiente, se desarrolló una investigación inclusiva para favorecer la participación de las personas con DID en sus diferentes etapas, donde se exploraron los servicios de apoyo que reciben. Metodología. 49 personas con DID tomaron diferentes roles en tres fases del estudio: algunas como asesoras en la elección del tema de investigación, en la creación de un instrumento y en la discusión de los resultados, y otras como informantes. Resultados. Este estudio fue un espacio de debate y creación para las personas con DID participantes. A través de las diferentes fases del estudio se identifi-caron varias demandas y propuestas de mejora. Discusión. Con la investigación inclu-siva se fomentó la participación de las personas con DID en temas que les competen, aspecto relevante para conocer sus verdaderas necesidades en el momento de llevar a cabo mejoras en las organizaciones. Asimismo, podría orientar a los investigadores a producir conocimientos más significativos y cercanos a la realidad

Technologies to Support Community-Dwelling Persons With Dementia: A Position Paper on Issues Regarding Development, Usability, Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness, Deployment, and Ethics.

Mon, 16 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT

[EN] With the expected increase in the numbers of persons with dementia, providing timely, adequate, and affordable care and support is challenging. Assistive and health technologies may be a valuable contribution in dementia care, but new challenges may emerge. The aim of our study was to review the state of the art of technologies for persons with dementia regarding issues on development, usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, deployment, and ethics in 3 fields of application of technologies: (1) support with managing everyday life, (2) support with participating in pleasurable and meaningful activities, and (3) support with dementia health and social care provision. The study also aimed to identify gaps in the evidence and challenges for future research. Reviews of literature and expert opinions were used in our study. Literature searches were conducted on usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and ethics using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases with no time limit. Selection criteria in our selected technology fields were reviews in English for community-dwelling persons with dementia. Regarding deployment issues, searches were done in Health Technology Assessment databases. According to our results, persons with dementia want to be included in the development of technologies; there is little research on the usability of assistive technologies; various benefits are reported but are mainly based on low-quality studies; barriers to deployment of technologies in dementia care were identified, and ethical issues were raised by researchers but often not studied. Many challenges remain such as including the target group more often in development, performing more high-quality studies on usability and effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, creating and having access to high-quality datasets on existing technologies to enable adequate deployment of technologies in dementia care, and ensuring that ethical issues are considered an important topic for researchers to include in their evaluation of assistive technologies. Based on these findings, various actions are recommended for development, usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, deployment, and ethics of assistive and health technologies across Europe. These include avoiding replication of technology development that is unhelpful or ineffective and focusing on how technologies succeed in addressing individual needs of persons with dementia. Furthermore, it is suggested to include these recommendations in national and international calls for funding and assistive technology research programs. Finally, practitioners, policy makers, care insurers, and care providers should work together with technology enterprises and researchers to prepare strategies for the implementation of assistive technologies in different care settings. This may help future generations of persons with dementia to utilize available and affordable technologies and, ultimately, to benefit from them.

A scoping review of post-diagnostic dementia supports for people with intellectual disability

Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT

[EN]Objectives: People with intellectual disability, particularly people with Down syndrome, are at an increased risk for early-onset dementia, in comparison to people without an intellectual disability. The aim of this review was to scope the current landscape of post-diagnostic dementia supports for people with intellectual disability. Method: A systematic search of five electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsycArticles, PsycInfo and Web of Science) was conducted for this scoping review. Results were screened independently by two reviewers, with a third reviewer for arbitration where necessary. Results: Forty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, and relevant information was extracted. The articles included focussed on the experiences of people with intellectual disability and dementia, as well as the role of carers, family members and staff. Key themes included ageing in place, environmental supports for people with intellectual disability and dementia, dementia-specific interventions and therapies, as well as the feasibility of these interventions. Besides the studies that focussed on these themes, other studies focussed on staff training and family supports. Conclusion: This review highlights the importance of implementing timely and appropriate postdiagnostic supports for people living with intellectual disability and dementia. More controlled trials are required on post-diagnostic dementia supports for people with intellectual disability.

Stress and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: The Mediating Role of Perceived Support and Treatment Adherence

Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT

[ES]Objetivos: Examinar las asociaciones entre el estrés relacionado con la diabetes, la adherencia al tratamiento, el apoyo social percibido y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), así como explorar los roles mediadores del apoyo y la adherencia en esta relación. Diseño: Estudio observacional transversal basado en medidas estandarizadas de autoinforme y análisis de mediación. Métodos: Un total de 772 adultos españoles con DM1 completaron instrumentos validados que evaluaban el malestar relacionado con la diabetes, el apoyo social percibido, la adherencia al tratamiento y la CVRS. Se realizaron regresiones múltiples jerárquicas y análisis de mediación en serie (modelo 6 de PROCESS, 10.000 bootstraps), controlando la edad, el sexo y el tiempo desde el diagnóstico. Fuentes de datos: No aplicable (recogida de datos primaria). Resultados: El estrés relacionado con la diabetes fue el predictor más fuerte de una peor CVRS. El apoyo social percibido y la adherencia al tratamiento también mostraron contribuciones significativas. Los análisis de mediación indicaron que el impacto del estrés sobre la CVRS estaba parcialmente mediado por el apoyo social percibido y, de forma secuencial, por la adherencia al tratamiento. Tanto la vía indirecta a través del apoyo social como la vía secuencial que incluía ambos mediadores fueron significativas. Conclusión: El estrés y el apoyo social son elementos clave para comprender y mejorar la CVRS en adultos con DM1. La adherencia al tratamiento parece estar influida por el apoyo percibido, lo que revela un mecanismo indirecto que conecta el estrés con la calidad de vida. Implicaciones: Los profesionales sanitarios deberían integrar evaluaciones e intervenciones psicosociales en la atención rutinaria. Abordar el estrés y potenciar el apoyo social puede mejorar la adherencia y el bienestar general en adultos con DM1. Impacto: El estudio analizó cómo los factores psicosociales —especialmente el estrés, el apoyo social percibido y la adherencia al tratamiento— contribuyen a la CVRS en adultos con DM1, cubriendo lagunas de investigación previas centradas en población pediátrica o clínica. [EN]Aims: To examine the associations among diabetes-related stress, treatment adherence, perceived social support, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), and to explore the mediating roles of support and adherence in this relationship. Design: A cross-sectional observational study using self-report standardised measures and mediation analysis. Methods: A total of 772 Spanish adults with DM1 completed validated instruments measuring diabetes-related distress, perceived social support, treatment adherence, and HRQoL. Hierarchical multiple regression and serial mediation analysis (PROCESS Model 6, 10,000 bootstraps) were conducted, controlling for age, sex, and time since diagnosis. Data Sources: Not applicable (primary data collection, not a review). Results: Diabetes-related stress was the strongest predictor of lower HRQoL. Perceived social support and treatment adherence also contributed significantly. Mediation analyses indicated that the impact of stress on HRQoL was partially mediated by perceived social support and, in sequence, by treatment adherence. The indirect path through social support alone and the sequential path involving both mediators were significant. Conclusion: Stress and social support are critical in understanding and improving HRQoL in adults with DM1. Treatment adherence appears to be influenced by perceived support, highlighting an indirect mechanism linking stress to quality of life. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: Healthcare professionals should integrate psychosocial assessments and interventions into routine diabetes care. Targeting stress reduction and enhancing social support may improve adherence and overall well-being in adults with DM1. Impact: What problem did the study address? The study addressed the need to understand how psychosocial factors—specifically stress, perceived social support, and treatment adherence—contribute to HRQoL in adults with DM1. While prior research often focused on paediatric or clinical populations and rarely explored mediation models, this study sought to fill those gaps with data from a large community sample of adults.

Tiroteos en masa y efecto imitador: Prevalencia global fuera de los Estados Unidos (1999-2022)

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

[EN]This study examines mass shootings where the “copycat effect” is present, with the exception of those carried out in the United States, during the period 1999-2022. This phenomenon occurs when perpetrators of a mass shooting copy the modus operandi of previous attacks, which are then projected as a model. The study sample includes 21 copycat cases, executed in 9 countries. The study reveals that these crimes are perpetrated by men, under the age of 34, predominantly in school settings and the perpetrators often end in suicide. The empirical results also reveal that in countries where these cases are more frequent, they also set role models for subsequent shooters. In conclusion, the small number of copycat behaviors does not prevent these events from being studied, especially in an era in which the internet and the media contribute to their constant globalization. [ES]El presente estudio examina los tiroteos masivos en que se encuentra presente el “efecto de imitación”, con la excepción de los llevados a cabo en Estados Unidos, durante el periodo 1999-2022. Dicho fenómeno concurre cuando los autores de un tiroteo masivo copian el modus operandi de ataques anteriores, los cuales se proyectan como modelo. La muestra del estudio incluye 21 casos de imitación, ejecutados en 9 países. El estudio revela que estos crímenes son perpetrados por hombres, con edades inferiores a los 34 años, de forma predominante en entornos escolares y los autores suelen concluir con el suicidio. Los resultados empíricos también revelan que en los países en los que estos casos son más frecuentes, también se fijan modelos de referencia para tiradores posteriores. En conclusión, el escaso número de comportamientos de imitación no impide que estos sucesos sean objeto de estudio, especialmente en una época en la que internet y los medios de comunicación contribuyen a su constante globalización.

Aspectos que intervienen en los tiroteos masivos (Mass Shootings): análisis de casos en América Latina, 2000-2022

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

[ES]Este estudio examina los factores que rodean a los tiroteos masivos centrándose en los perfiles de los autores y las características de los sucesos. Para ello, se persiguieron dos objetivos principales. En primer lugar, se desarrolló un conjunto de variables para captar los siguientes indicadores: 1) países y fechas de ocurrencia; 2) datos sociodemográficos de los autores; 3) localización de los hechos; 4) motivaciones; 5) armas de fuego utilizadas; 6) número de víctimas mortales; y 7) resultados para los autores, con tres posibles consecuencias: suicidio, muerte por un tercero o encarcelamiento. En segundo lugar, estas variables se aplicaron a los casos ocurridos en América Latina entre 2000 y 2022. La selección de esta región está motivada por la prevalencia de estudios sobre este tema que se centran en Estados Unidos, por lo que analizar un área geográfica diferente responde a investigaciones recientes que sugieren que los tiroteos masivos son un fenómeno global. Este es un estudio empírico que utiliza estadísticas descriptivas. A través de los resultados y las discusiones, se proporciona una hoja de ruta que ayuda a comprender un tipo de violencia difícil de estudiar debido a su heterogeneidad, a la vez que ofrece piezas necesarias para descifrar su complejo rompecabezas. [EN]This study examines the factors surrounding mass shootings by focusing on the profiles of perpetrators and the characteristics of the events. To achieve this, two main objectives were pursued. First, a set of variables was developed to capture the following indicators: 1) countries and dates of occurrence; 2) sociodemographic data of the perpetrators; 3) location of the events; 4) motivations; 5) firearms used; 6) number of fatalities; and 7) the outcomes for the perpetrators, with three possible consequences: suicide, death by a third party, or incarceration. Second, these variables were applied to cases in Latin America from 2000 to 2022. The selection of this region is motivated by the prevalence of studies on this topic that focus primarily on the United States, making this analysis of a different geographical area a response to recent research suggesting that mass shootings are a global phenomenon. This is an empirical study using descriptive statistics. Through the results and discussions, it provides a roadmap that helps to understand a type of violence that is difficult to study due to its heterogeneity, while offering necessary pieces to decipher its complex puzzle.