http://hdl.handle.net/10366/4512 Thu, 07 May 2026 09:08:01 GMT 2026-05-07T09:08:01Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171259 [EN] Archaeologically-oriented petrography has changed the way of conceiving economic and social practices during the Palaeolithic. Research on quartzite, the second most widely used lithic resource, has experienced a notable increase thanks to the formal definition of the material, methodological improvements, and case studies that are shedding light on the economy and social interactions during the Palaeolithic. This paper briefly presents the progress made during the last years by our research team, particularly in quartzite petrology, together with some thoughts about its future evolution. These advances are based on the petrography of the material and particularly on the application of petrogenesis (a research field in geology that deals with the origin and transformation of rocks) to establish reliable and universal types that are useful for understanding quartzite from a geoarchaeological perspective. Furthermore, we present preliminary results derived from the application of scanning electron microscopy in quartzite petrogenesis. Finally, we propose some perspectives and methodological advances to continue untangling the prehistoric knowledge enclosed in quartzite artefacts Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171259 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171258 Este trabajo analiza la transición tecnológica hacia la Web 3.0 y el desarrollo del metaverso, centrando su estudio en el impacto de los tokens no fungibles (NFTs) sobre el sistema de propiedad intelectual. La investigación comienza con una clarificación técnica y conceptual, definiendo los NFTs como representaciones digitales de valor que, gracias a la tecnología blockchain, garantizan la unicidad, inalterabilidad y trazabilidad de los activos. El núcleo jurídico de la obra desmitifica creencias comunes al precisar que un NFT no es una obra en sí misma, sino un certificado digital de autenticidad vinculado a un archivo o derecho. Se examina pormenorizadamente cómo la adquisición de estos activos suele implicar únicamente una licencia de uso limitado sobre el soporte digital, sin que suponga necesariamente la transferencia de la propiedad del activo subyacente ni de sus derechos de explotación. Asimismo, el capítulo aborda la utilidad de los smart contracts para automatizar procesos como el pago de regalías y propone un debate innovador sobre el agotamiento digital del derecho de distribución y el derecho de participación (droit de suite) en entornos descentralizados. Finalmente, se analizan los riesgos emergentes, tales como las infracciones por minteo no autorizado, el fraude mediante wash trading y los desafíos que plantea la aplicación del Reglamento de Servicios Digitales (DSA) y el marco de las DAOs a los mercados de activos digitales. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171258 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171245 [EN]In this Letter we report the demonstration of the first cyan Pr-based waveguide laser, fabricated inscribing depressed-cladding waveguides in Pr:Ba(Y0.8Lu0.2)2F8 by direct femtosecond laser writing. With an optimized waveguide geometry for the monoclinic crystal matrix, we demonstrate lasing at 495 nm, observing a maximum output power of 22 mW and a maximum slope efficiency of 7% in a compact 6 mm-long laser cavity. These values are comparable with those reported in the literature for solid-state devices based on bulk crystals. Incidentally, this is also the first, to our knowledge, demonstration of a waveguide visible laser based on a monoclinic crystal matrix. Sat, 01 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171245 2025-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171244 [EN]Ultrafast-laser inscription enables the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic microstructures in laser-active dielectric crystals, yet the interplay between geometry and laser-induced refractive-index changes remains insufficiently quantified. We investigate depressed-cladding waveguides written in a uniaxial Er3+:LiYF4 fluoride crystal using spatially resolved confocal luminescence and Raman spectroscopy with sub-micrometric resolution. The measurements reveal partial amorphization within the irradiated zones, as well as a complex distribution of local stress fields—compressive within the cladding and tensile at the periphery of the core. These stress patterns, and the associated refractive-index modifications, are found to be highly sensitive to the cladding geometry. From the spectroscopic analysis, we estimate a maximum compressive stress of 1 GPa and a refractive-index change of −2.6 × 10−3 for the e-wave within the damage tracks. Complementary differential interference contrast (Nomarski) microscopy yields quantitative maps of stress-induced birefringence, on the order of 10−6—well below the intrinsic birefringence of LiYF4 and therefore not detrimental to the polarization properties of laser waveguides. Based on these findings, we provide design guidelines for optimizing mid-infrared waveguide structures. Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171244 2026-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171243 [EN]In this work we present the power scaling of diode-pumped waveguide lasers fabricated in a Pr:LiLuF4 crystal by direct femtosecond writing. We demonstrated a maximum output power of 360 mW at 604 nm, 420 mW at 721 nm, and 55 mW at 523 nm. Moreover, we demonstrated what we believe to be the first operation of a waveguide laser at 545 nm. In the end, we achieved stable lasing at 604 nm with an extraction of 96%, demonstrating the high gain achievable in waveguide devices. Sat, 01 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171243 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171242 [ES]Los capítulos (86 pp en total) se dedican a comentar el nuevo régimen de la capacidad posesoria (art. 443 CC) y el de Sucesiones (resto) tras las modificaciones introducidas por la Ley 8/2021 que incorpora al Derecho Común la Convención de Nueva York de 2006, poniendo de relieve la importancia del nuevo paradigma que supone el reconocimiento de capacidad plena en estas sedes a las personas con discapacidad. Fue uno de los primeros comentarios al nuevo régimen, con el objetivo de esclarecer su aplicación y respetar los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Cabe destacar el estudio de la oportunidad de la supresión de la sustitución ejemplar en el testamento (y su régimen transitorio) o el nuevo mayor alcance permitido al gravamen de las legítimas, así como el papel de los discapacitados en la tramitación de la herencia (aceptación, y partición). [EN]The chapters (86 pages in total) are dedicated to commenting on the new legal framework governing possessory capacity (Art. 443 of the Civil Code) and the inheritance law (remaining articles) following the amendments introduced by Law 8/2021, which incorporates the 2006 New York Convention into Spanish law. They highlight the importance of the new paradigm represented by the recognition of full legal capacity for people with disabilities in these matters. This was one of the first commentaries on the new legal framework, aiming to clarify its application and ensure respect for the rights of people with disabilities. Of particular note is the analysis of the appropriateness of eliminating the provision for exemplary substitution in wills (and its transitional provisions), the broader scope now permitted for encumbrances on forced heirship shares, and the role of people with disabilities in inheritance proceedings (acceptance and division). Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171242 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171233 Este estudio aborda la disartria asociada al daño cerebral adquirido (DCA), un trastorno motor del habla caracterizado por alteraciones en la coordinación de los subsistemas respiratorio, fonatorio y articulatorio, con repercusiones significativas en la comunicación y la calidad de vida. Frente a enfoques previos que analizan estos componentes de forma aislada, se propone una aproximación integrada que combine medidas respiratorias y parámetros acústico-articulatorios, con el fin de mejorar la caracterización del trastorno e identificar marcadores objetivos de gravedad. Se llevará a cabo un estudio observacional transversal en una muestra aproximada de 100 adultos con DCA, con y sin disartria. El protocolo incluirá la recogida de variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, así como la evaluación cognitiva, deglutoria, respiratoria y del habla mediante instrumentos estandarizados. Se realizarán análisis comparativos y modelos multivariantes para explorar la asociación entre las variables respiratorias, acústicas y aerodinámicas y la presencia y severidad de la disartria. El estudio cuenta con la aprobación del comité de ética correspondiente y se desarrollará conforme a los principios de la Declaración de Helsinki. Los resultados serán difundidos en congresos científicos y publicaciones especializadas, y los datos anonimizados estarán disponibles tras la publicación de los resultados principales, en cumplimiento de la normativa vigente en protección de datos. Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171233 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171226 [EN]Intestinal microbiota is arising as a new element in the physiopathology of cardiovascular diseases. A healthy microbiota includes a balanced representation of bacteria with health promotion functions (symbiotes). The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between intestinal microbiota composition and arterial stiffness. An observational case-control study will be developed. Cases will be defined by the presence of at least one of the following: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (ba or ba-PWV) above the 90th percentile, for age and sex, of the reference population. Controls will be selected from the same population as cases. The study will be developed in Primary Healthcare Centres. We will select 500 subjects (250 cases and 250 controls), between 45 and 74 years of age. Cases will be selected from a database that combines data from EVA study (Spain) and Guimarães/Vizela study (Portugal). cf-PWV will be measured using the SphygmoCor system, CAVI, ba-PWV and Ankle-Brachial Index will be determined using VaSera device. Gut microbiome composition in faecal samples will be determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Lifestyle will be assessed by food frequency questionnaire, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Body composition will be evaluated by bioimpedance. The study has been approved by 'Committee of ethics of research with medicines of the health area of Salamanca' on 14 December 2018 (cod. 2018-11-136) and the 'Ethics committee for health of Guimaraes' (Portugal) on 15 October 2019 (ref: 67/2019). All study participants will sign an informed consent form agreeing to participate in the study, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the WHO standards for observational studies. The results of this study will allow a better description of gut microbiota in patients with arterial stiffness. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03900338. Thu, 11 Feb 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171226 2021-02-11T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171225 [EN] Countries of the Global South often face diverse obstacles in advancing the implementation of effective language policies, where scarce resources and enduring linguistic barriers disproportionately affect indigenous language speakers. Despite the favourable National Language Policy Framework for Public Higher Education Institutions, South Africa remains no exception. The BAQONDE project (2021–2024) marked a unique inter-institutional initiative aimed at advancing the use of indigenous African languages in higher education. Unlike earlier fragmented efforts, BAQONDE brought together four South African and three European universities to strengthen capacity in pursuit of this goal by pooling human resources, expertise, and applied knowledge. More specifically, it prioritised the establishment of sustainable inter-institutional infrastructure and the development of innovative tools, such as the open-access repository for teaching and learning materials known as Polokelo. Acknowledging the challenges inherent to such an undertaking, the project’s legacy continues to foster awareness among scholars and students while extending its vision to additional higher education institutions. The aim of this article is to present and critically reflect on the BAQONDE project as a model for advancing the use of indigenous African languages in Higher Education, highlighting its collaborative approach, sustainable infrastructure, innovative tools, and lasting impact on capacity-building, awareness, and institutional transformation. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171225 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171221 [ES] En este estudio pretendemos realizar un análisis lingüístico del Fuero de Andaluz atendiendo a los principales fenómenos gráficos y fonético-fonológicos, tanto vocálicos como consonánticos, con el fin de caracterizarlo atendiendo tanto a la zona como a la época en que fue redactado. Hemos dividido nuestro estudio del fuero en tres apartados. El primero se encuentra dedicado a los usos estrictamente gráficos del manuscrito, prestando especial atención a los usos polifónicos y poligráficos más destacados, comparando estos fenómenos con el panorama que ofrecen otras tradiciones escriturarias del norte peninsular. El segundo apartado está dedicado al estudio del vocalismo, mientras que el tercer apartado se centra en los principales fenómenos consonánticos. Consideramos que este estudio nos permitirá obtener un mejor conocimiento del castellano hablado en Soria durante el siglo XIII, una zona relativamente menos estudiada que otras para la Edad Media, como es el caso de Burgos o Toledo por su mayor interés estratégico en la formación o evolución del español. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171221 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171213 [EN]Donkey milk (DM) is a nutritionally rich source of bioactive compounds, essential vitamins and minerals. However, its potential for developing functional fermented products remains unexplored. To address this gap, we investigated microbial dynamics during spontaneous fermentation of raw Zamorano-Leonese DM to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) suitable for dairy applications. Raw milk from Zamorano-Leonese breed donkeys, raised on an organic farm in Salamanca (Spain), was spontaneously fermented at 37 °C until reaching pH 4.6. Metataxonomic analysis revealed a clear shift from environmental bacteria dominating the raw milk to an increased prevalence of LAB at the end of the fermentation process. Through culturomics, 34 bacterial strains were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including ten potential LAB candidates. Among these, five Lactococcus lactis isolates were selected to ferment pasteurized DM, which showed promising technological features and were subsequently subjected to whole-genome sequencing. L. lactis subsp. lactis CECT 31096 was selected due to its broad enzymatic repertoire linked to fermentation and the absence of antibiotic resistance or virulence-related genes. When used to ferment pasteurized DM, this strain improved both the physicochemical and nutritional profile of the resulting product. Fermentation significantly enhanced the bioaccesibility of bioactive compounds, as demonstrated by a higher inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (the fermented sample showed IC50 values of 3.17 g/L compared with IC50 7.23 g/L from pasteurized milk), doubling after digestion (IC50 1.25 g/L). Additionally, fermentation with L. lactis subsp. lactis CECT 31096 significantly increased soluble free phenols and peptides, boosting the reducing power and antioxidant capacity, and thereby enhancing the functionality of the final product. Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171213 2026-07-02T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171212 [ES]En torno a los programas de ordenador se han ido desarrollando muchas tecnologías, hasta llegar a los actuales sistemas de decisión automatiza o de Inteligencia Artificial. También el Derecho ha experimentado una gran evolución para dar respuesta a todos los problemas jurídicos que las Tecnologías de la Información plantean. En ocasiones, no obstante, se hace un tratamiento confuso de algunos conceptos cuyo régimen jurídico quizá conviene aclarar: así, el de algoritmo, identificado tanto con meras ideas como con el propio programa de ordenador. Ambos extremos son rechazables. También el código de los programas y partes del mismo como las API (Application Programming Interfaces), o el llamado «software de código abierto» plantean interesantes desafíos al Derecho de Autor. Y, por último, el desarrollo de pequeños, y no tanto, programas (apps) para los dispositivos móviles hace necesarias algunas puntualizaciones en torno a su protección jurídica. Pero, sobre todo, partiendo de su tutela por el Derecho de Autor, el régimen jurídico de todos estos objetos de Derecho va mucho más allá, y se hace necesario acudir a otras normativas para abarcarlos en su totalidad: transparencia, derechos fundamentales, competencia, secretos empresariales, Derecho de Consumo, régimen general de obligaciones y contratos y protección de datos personales. [EN]Many technologies have been developed around computer programs, until reaching the current automated decision systems or Artificial Intelligence. Law has also undergone a great evolution in order to respond to all the legal problems posed by Information Technologies. Sometimes, however, there is a confusing treatment of some concepts whose legal regime should perhaps be clarified: for example, that of algorithm, identified both with mere ideas and with the computer program itself. Both extremes are unacceptable. Also, program code and parts of it, such as APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), or the so-called «open source software» pose interesting challenges to Copyright. And finally, the development of small, and not so much, programs (apps) for mobile devices requires some clarification regarding their legal protection. But, above all, from their protection by Copyright, the legal regime of all these objects of law goes much further, and it is necessary to resort to other regulations to cover them in their entirety: transparency, fundamental rights, competition, trade secrets, Consumer Law, general regime of obligations and contracts, and protection of personal data. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171212 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171208 [ES] Análisis de la STJUE del caso IAB, que versa sobre los conceptos de «datos personales», «responsable del tratamiento» y «corresponsable del tratamiento», en particular, en el ámbito de las subastas publicitarias en línea": en primer lugar, si las informaciones e identificaciones generadas para cada usuario y recabadas para ofrecerle la publicidad personalizada son o no «datos de carácter personal»; y, en segundo término, de contestarse afirmativamente la anterior, si el gestor del sistema que recoge tales datos para dicha subasta es o no «responsable del tratamiento» o «corresponsable» del mismo. En ambos casos, el tjue responde bajo el principio de interpretación amplia y protectora del interesado con el que habitualmente interpreta el RGPD, pero con una interesante matización final en orden a la (no) responsabilidad del responsable del tratamiento por los usos posteriores por terceros de tales datos recabados. [EN]Analysis of the CJEU ruling in the IAB case, which deals with the concepts of "personal data," "controller," and "joint controller," particularly in the context of online advertising auctions: first, whether the information and identifications generated for each user and collected to offer personalized advertising constitute "personal data"; and second, if the answer to the first question is affirmative, whether the system operator that collects such data for the auction is a "controller" or a "joint controller." In both cases, the CJEU responds under the principle of broad interpretation and protection of the data subject, which it typically applies to interpreting the GDPR, but with an interesting final nuance regarding the (lack of) responsibility of the controller for the subsequent use by third parties of such collected data. Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171208 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171206 [ES]El trabajo aborda la "monetización" de los datos personales, su recogida a cambio de la prestación de SSI. Su calificación como auténtica “contraprestación", rechazada por el SEPD en los informes previos a la Directiva 2019/770, se refleja, sin embargo, en esta (servicios pueden prestarse “a cambio de” los datos personales del cliente) y en el TRLGDCU, como antes en el Proyecto del CESL. Se estudia, en definitiva, la entrega de datos en el marco de auténticos contratos onerosos, a pesar de su apariencia de gratuidad al no haber pago en dinero, con todo lo que ello implica (p. ej., sobre el régimen de conformidad de bienes y servicios). El autor argumenta decididamente a favor de su consideración jurídica como contraprestación, en contra del SEPD y otros autores que mantienen que sus menciones como tal en el TRLGDCU son un exceso del legislador contrario a la norma europea. [EN]This work addresses the "monetization" of personal data, its collection in exchange for the provision of information and communication services (ICS). Its classification as genuine "consideration," rejected by the EDPS in reports prior to Directive 2019/770, is nevertheless reflected in the Directive itself (services may be provided "in exchange for" the client's personal data) and in the Spanish General Law for the Defense of Consumers and Users (TRLGDCU), as it was previously in the CESL Draft. Ultimately, the study examines the transfer of data within the framework of genuine onerous contracts, despite their apparent gratuitousness due to the absence of monetary payment, with all the implications this entails (e.g., regarding the conformity of goods and services). The author argues decisively in favor of its legal consideration as consideration, contrary to the EDPS and other authors who maintain that its mention as such in the TRLGDCU is an overreach by the legislator and contrary to European law. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171206 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171201 [ES]Análisis de la STJUE del caso SCHUFA, que interpreta el art. 22 RGPD y los problemas en torno a la "generación" del valor de probabilidad por parte de la entidad de scoring más allá del uso por parte del destinatario de dicho valor de la evaluación efectuada para denegar un préstamo. Para el TJUE, la aplicabilidad del art. 22.1 depende de cómo se interpreten sus requisitos cumulativos: Lo prohibido es (1) una «decisión», (2) «basada únicamente en el tratamiento automatizado, incluida la elaboración de perfiles» y (3) que produce «efectos jurídicos» en el interesado o que lo «afecta significativamente de modo similar». El TJUE interpreta todas esas expresiones, concluyendo que también la entidad de scoring es responsable frente al interesado de la evaluación efectuada y debe facilitarle información sobre los criterios que ha tenido en cuenta. [EN]Analysis of the CJEU ruling in the SCHUFA case, which interprets Article 22 of the GDPR and the issues surrounding the "generation" of the probability value by the scoring entity beyond the recipient's use of that value in the assessment to deny a loan. According to the CJEU, the applicability of Article 22.1 depends on how its cumulative requirements are interpreted: What is prohibited is (1) a "decision", (2) "based solely on automated processing, including profiling", and (3) that produces "legal effects" on the data subject or that "significantly affects" him or her in a similar way. The CJEU interprets all these expressions, concluding that the scoring entity is also liable to the data subject for the assessment carried out and must provide him or her with information on the criteria it has taken into account. Sat, 01 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171201 2024-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171197 [EN]Multi-source information fusion has become the cornerstone of modern intelligent decision systems, yet the explosive volume, heterogeneity and high dimensionality of crowd-contributed data severely challenge the efficiency and fairness of large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM). To transform this “data richness” into “decision wisdom”, dimensionality-reduction technologies have evolved from optional pre-processing modules to indispensable fusion-centric enablers that compress numerous decision makers into a compact but representative subgroup structure while preserving collective knowledge. By systematically reviewing 345 publications (2014–2025) retrieved from the Web of Science, this paper proposes the first information-fusion-oriented taxonomy of LSGDM dimensionality-reduction techniques, clustering them into: (i) clustering-analysis-based fusion of large-scale preference data, (ii) complex-network-based community detection that fuses relational information, and (iii) specialized hybrid methods that fuse multi-modal or semi-supervised cues. This review critically analyzes the above techniques, discusses their roles in alleviating scale dilemmas, improving decision quality and process operability, and establishes an evaluation system covering internal and external validity. Finally, it summarizes key challenges in information fusion, including dynamic streaming preferences, ultra-large sparse networks, and privacy-preserving fusion, and prospects paradigm optimization and key technologies such as semi-supervised granular ball fusion, autoencoder-based deep representation fusion, ensemble learning, and multimodal fusion, providing references for dimensionality reduction to support efficient, reliable, and fair LSGDM in the big data era. Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10366/171197 2026-10-01T00:00:00Z