Testing the generality of the general factor of personality: An exploratory bifactor approach

Abstract

Objective: To investigate whether the psychometric properties of the general factor of personality (GFP) obtained through self-reported measures support its interpretation as a substantive dimension of general order. Method: We estimated oblique and orthogonal bifactor exploratory structural equation models of the Big Five. Results: The GFP explained considerably less variance than the five group factors, and showed poor model-based reliability. The pattern of GFP loadings were consistent with those of a reverse-keyed wording factor. When related to an external variable (dispositional optimism) the GFP was primary associated to method variance, and not to the substantive criterion. Conclusions: Although there is a certain degree of variance common to most behavioral indicators of personality, its properties are not compatible with an interpretation of the GFP as a reliable and psychometrically meaningful general factor of personality.