Prevalencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares y de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mayores de 65 años de un área urbana: estudio DERIVA

Abstract

[ES]Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y las características psicosociales asociadas en mayores de 65 a˜ nos de una población urbana. Dise˜ no: Estudio descriptivo transversal, poblacional. Emplazamiento: Ciudad de Salamanca (Espa˜ na). Participantes: Mediante un muestreo aleatorio estratificado por zona de salud, seleccionamos 480 sujetos mayores de 65 a˜ nos. Se efectuó una encuesta de salud en el domicilio de los sujetos mediante un cuestionario. Medidas principales:Peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, presión arterial, glucemia y colesterol. Se estimó la prevalencia estandarizada a la población europea. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 327 sujetos (68,10% de los seleccionados), edad media de 76 a˜ nos (DE: 7,33). El 64,5% eran mujeres. El 20,2% (15,8-24,5) presentaban enfermedad cardiovascular. La cardiopatía isquémica (12,1% [6,1-18]) fue la más prevalente en varones y la insuficiencia cardiaca (10,4% [6,3-14,6]) en mujeres. La hipertensión era el factor de riesgo más frecuente tanto en varones (63,8% [53,2-70,9]) como en mujeres (69,7% [63,5-75,9]), seguido de diabetes en varones (36,2% [27,5-45]) y sedentarismo en mujeres (36,0% [29,5-42,5]). Los que presentaban enfermedades cardiovasculares eran más dependientes y mostraron peor pronóstico (Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson). [ENG]Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, and the psychosocial characteristics associated with them in an urban population aged 65 years and older. Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study of the population. Setting: City of Salamanca (Spain). Participants: A total of 480 participants aged 65 and older were selected using a stratified randomized sampling method. A health questionnaire was completed in the participants’ homes. Main measurements: Weight, height, waist circumference, arterial pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol, were measured, and the standardized prevalence for a European population was estimated. Results: A total of 327 participants were interviewed (68.10% of those selected), mean age of participants was 76 (SD: 7.33). Of the total, 64.5% were women and 20.2% (15.8-24.5) had some cardiovascular disease. In males, the most prevalent cardiovascular disease was ischemic heart disease (12.1% [6.1-18]), while in females it was heart failure (10.4% [6.3-14.6]). Hypertension was the most frequent cardiovascular risk factor for males (63.8% [53.2-70.9]) and females (69.7%.[63.5-75.9]), followed by diabetes in males (36.2% [27.5-45]), and sedentary lifestyle in females (36.0% [29.5-42.5]). Those with cardiovascular diseases were more dependent and had a worse prognosis (Charlson’s Comorbility Index). Conclusions: Ischemic heart disease is the most prevalent heart disease in males, while heart failure is the most prevalent disease for females. Almost 80% of the population aged 65 and older did not suffer any of the three cardiovascular diseases that are the main causes of mortality in this group of age. Participants who had a CVD were more dependent for activities of daily living.